Accelerating the Transition to a Hydrogen Economy

Accelerating the Transition to a Hydrogen Economy: Achieving Carbon Neutrality provides a guide to the transition to net zero carbon emissions through the hydrogen economy. Within the context of the Industrial Revolution 4.0, the book explores the implications of the hydrogen economy on the nexus of food-waste-energy and provides an overview of the impacts of the hydrogen economy on the energy industry. The book examines the role of the hydrogen economy in achieving net zero carbon emissions in the waste sector, methods for achieving decarbonization in different industries and parts of the economy, and the technologies that can achieve this.

Each chapter provides a synopsis of the fundamental knowledge and latest developments to ensure readers of all experience levels and backgrounds can benefit from the book. Future perspectives and actionable next steps are suggested alongside case studies that provide a roadmap to decarbonization.

Title of Book
Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Contributors
Section I. Zero-carbon technology in hydrogen economy
1. Hydrogen: A versatile tool for decarbonization
1 Introduction
2 Hydrogen as a fuel
3 The conventional route to hydrogen
4 The future of hydrogen production
5 Hydrogen in fuel cells
6 Hydrogen as fuel in an internal combustion engine
7 Storage, transportation, and distribution
8 Competitive technologies
9 Concluding remarks
2. Harnessing hydrogen from solid waste
1 Introduction
2 Potential feedstock for hydrogen production
2.1 Municipal solid waste
2.2 Agriculture waste
3 Waste-to-hydrogen
3.1 Thermochemical process
3.1.1 Gasification
3.1.2 Pyrolysis
3.2 Biochemical process
3.2.1 Dark fermentation
3.2.2 Photo-fermentation
4 Challenges in waste-to-hydrogen transformation
4.1 Feedstock variability
4.2 Contaminants and impurities
4.3 Process efficiency
4.4 Hydrogen storage and distribution
4.5 Economic viability
4.6 Scale-up and integration
4.7 Regulatory and safety compliance
5 Conclusions
3. Advancement of hydrogen economy through the development of clean energy technologies for blue economy
1 Introduction of blue economy to hydrogen economy
2 Exploration of the significance of the blue economy
3 Introduction to the dynamics of clean energy technologies
4 Clean energy technologies in collaboration with the blue economy
5 Advantages and disadvantages of the development of clean energy technologies for blue economy
6 Future direction of the clean energy technologies towards the blue economy and hydrogen economy
4. Contribution of hydrogen economy toward net zero emission and decarbonization
1 Introduction
2 Hydrogen: Different production methods and consumption
3 Hydrogen scenario in the world
4 Low-carbon hydrogen chain and market
5 Final considerations
5. Decarbonization practices and disclosure in the nexus of waste-food-energy using digital technologies in the framework of a hydrogen economy
1 Decarbonization practices and disclosure in the nexus of waste-food-energy for hydrogen economy: The conceptualization within the performance paradigm
1.1 Decarbonization practices, hydrogen disclosure, and financial performance
1.2 Decarbonization practices, hydrogen disclosure, and operational performance
1.3 Decarbonization practices, hydrogen disclosure, and sustainability performance
2 Theories for hydrogen disclosure
2.1 Hydrogen disclosure under institutional theory
2.2 Hydrogen disclosure under legitimacy theory
2.3 Hydrogen disclosure under stakeholder theory
3 Digital technologies and renewable resources in the decarbonization practices for the nexus of waste-food-energy
3.1 Digital technologies for decarbonization practices in the nexus of waste-food-energy
3.2 Renewable resources for decarbonization practices in the nexus of waste-food-energy
3.3 Digital technologies and renewable resources for efficient and effective decarbonization practices toward the hydrogen disclosure
4 Conceptual framework of decarbonization practices in the nexus of waste-food-energy for the hydrogen disclosure: Which linkages for biodiversity disclosure?
5 Conclusion
6. Polymeric membrane technologies for hydrogen generation and recovery
1 Introduction
2 Hydrogen sources and production processes
3 Hydrogen separation with membranes: Overview
3.1 Mechanisms of gas transport in polymeric membranes
3.2 Types of polymer membrane for hydrogen separation
3.2.1 Glassy and rubbery polymers
3.2.2 Commercial polymeric membranes
3.2.3 H2-selective polymeric membranes
4 Applications of polymeric membranes for hydrogen recovery
5 Polymeric membranes for hydrogen generation
6 Scaling up of polymeric membranes for hydrogen generation and recovery
7 Conclusion and future perspectives
Section II. Water, energy, and food nexus in hydrogen economy
7. Harnessing digitalization in a hydrogen economy for nurturing sustainable food security
1 Introduction
2 Hydrogen economy and sustainable agriculture
2.1 Hydrogen economy: Definition, principles, and its potential for sustainable energy solutions
2.2 Hydrogen economy and its relevance to sustainable agriculture
2.3 Advantages of use of hydrogen as an agricultural energy source
2.4 Case studies on the hydrogen applications in agriculture and food production
3 The role of digitalization in food production and security
3.1 Definition and overview of digitalization in food production and security
3.2 Key digital technologies transforming the agricultural and food sector
3.2.1 Artificial intelligence and big data analytics
3.2.2 Internet of things and smart sensing
3.2.3 Blockchain
3.2.4 Robotics and automation
3.3 Benefits of digitalization for sustainable agriculture and food security
4 Synergy of hydrogen economy and digitalization in food production and safety
4.1 Digital technologies for optimizing hydrogen economy in the food industry
4.2 Utilizing IoT and AI for optimizing hydrogen-based food production, food safety, and agricultural purposes
4.2.1 Enhancing agricultural productivity and efficiency/improving crop yields and resource management with digital solutions
4.2.2 Hydrogen as a sustainable energy for food processing and distribution
4.2.3 Climate resilience and adaptation in agriculture via digital tools
4.2.4 Enhancing irrigation efficiency and water conservation through digital tools
4.2.5 Digital advancements in precision agriculture for reducing waste and environmental impact
4.3 Digitalization and hydrogen economy in food transportation
4.3.1 Utilizing hydrogen fuel cell vehicles for sustainable food transportation
4.3.2 Digitally optimizing logistics and supply chain for efficient food distribution
5 Challenges and barriers
5.1 Addressing technological and infrastructure challenges of digitalization in the hydrogen economy
5.2 Policy and regulatory hurdles in adopting digitalized hydrogen solutions in agriculture
5.3 Cybersecurity concerns in the intersection of digitalization and hydrogen applications
6 Future prospects and recommendations
6.1 Promising trends in the integration of digitalization and the hydrogen economy for food security
6.1.1 Remote sensing and geographic information system
6.1.2 Climate-smart agriculture and APP based agriculture
6.1.3 Precision agriculture
6.1.4 Green hydrogen for sustainable agriculture
6.1.5 Hydrogen-based fertilizers
6.2 Policy recommendations to encourage the adoption of digitalized hydrogen solutions in agriculture
6.3 Identifying research gaps and opportunities for further advancements
6.3.1 Integration of advanced machine learning algorithms
6.3.2 Socioeconomic implications
6.3.3 Environmental sustainability assessment
6.3.4 Cybersecurity and data privacy
6.3.5 Cross-sector collaboration
7 Conclusions
8. Roles and implications of hydrogen economy in Industry 4.0: Perspectives from the nexus of waste-energy-food
9. Promoting sustainable growth and renewable energy through food waste valorization
1 Valorization of food waste
2 Waste valorization for hydrogen economy
3 Potential value-added products from waste valorization
4 Different common valorization techniques
4.1 Fermentation
4.2 Composting
4.3 Anaerobic digestion
4.4 Extraction
4.5 Hydrothermal carbonization
4.6 Nonthermal processing
4.7 Microbial electrosynthesis
5 Conclusion
10. New and emerging applications of hydrogen including industrial, medical, and warfare applications
1 Introduction
2 Production of hydrogen
2.1 Water as a source of hydrogen production
2.1.1 Direct electrolysis
2.1.2 Thermolysis
2.1.3 Thermochemical process
2.2 Solar energy
2.2.1 Photolysis
2.2.2 Photoelectrochemical process
2.2.3 Photovoltaic-electrolysis system
2.3 Hydrogen production from fossil fuels and carbon capture storage
2.3.1 Natural gas reforming
2.3.2 Coal gasification
2.4 Hydrogen production from biomass
2.4.1 Biomass gasification
2.5 Biological method of hydrogen production
2.5.1 Microbial hydrogen production
2.5.2 Microbial electrolytic cell
2.6 Multistage integrated process
3 New and emerging applications of hydrogen
3.1 Industrial applications
3.1.1 Ammonia production
3.1.2 Methanol production
3.1.3 Food industry
3.1.4 Metal refining
3.1.5 Energy generation
3.1.6 Electronics and semiconductor manufacturing
3.1.7 Transportation
3.1.8 Oil refining
3.1.9 Plastics and other chemicals
3.2 Medical and biomedical applications
3.2.1 Diagnosis of gastrointestinal diseases and disorders
3.2.2 Pharmaceutics and therapeutics
3.3 Hydrogen applications in warfare
3.3.1 Hydrogen in warfare: historical context
3.3.2 Applications of hydrogen in military technology
4 Limitations on hydrogen production, storage, and applications
4.1 Hazards and safety concerns in hydrogen warfare
5 Conclusion and perspectives
Section III. Decarbonization through hydrogen economy
11. Challenges and opportunities of hydrogen economy in Industrial Revolution 4.0 era
1 Introduction
2 Fourth Industrial Revolution
3 Use of hydrogen to replace fossil fuels
4 Legislation in Brazil
5 Green hydrogen opportunities and challenges for Brazil
6 Conclusion
12. Role of hydrogen in the future development of transportation vehicles
1 Introduction
2 Hydrogen as energy prospects
2.1 Energy demand
2.2 Current population
2.3 Conventional energy resources
2.4 Carbon emissions
3 Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles
3.1 Hydrogen as renewable energy resources
3.2 Prospects of Hydrogen Production
3.2.1 Hydrogen production from renewable resources
3.3 Prospects of hydrogen storage
3.4 Hydrogen-powered vehicle systems
4 Conclusion
13. Novel materials for hydrogen generation in contaminated water
1 Introduction
2 Hydrogen generation
2.1 Hydrogen: A clean and renewable energy source
2.2 Criteria for the materials for hydrogen production
2.3 Conventional methods for hydrogen production
2.4 Challenges in conventional methods
3 Contaminated water as a resource for hydrogen production
3.1 Graphene and graphene oxide
3.1.1 Graphene
3.1.2 Graphene oxides
3.2 Carbon nanotubes
3.3 Metal nanoparticles
3.3.1 Metal and metal oxide nanoparticles
3.3.2 Bimetallic nanoparticles
3.4 Metal organic frameworks
3.5 Other novel materials
4 Environmental impacts
5 Challenges and future prospects
6 Conclusions
14. Biohydrogen generation from algae (other than blue-green algae) and microalgae
1 Introduction
2 Biohydrogen
2.1 Sources
2.2 Production
2.3 Uses
2.4 Superiority of biohydrogen over all current fuel sources
3 Biohydrogen production from algae and microalgae
3.1 Biomass feedstock
3.2 Pretreatment
3.2.1 Mechanical pretreatment processes
3.2.2 Chemical pretreatment process
3.2.3 Thermal pretreatment process
3.2.4 Biological pretreatment process
3.3 Bioreactors
3.3.1 Flat panel reactor
3.3.2 Tubular reactor
3.3.3 Fluidized-bed reactor
3.3.4 Continuous stirred tank reactor
3.4 Multistage bioreactor system
3.5 Enzymes
3.5.1 Hydrogenases
3.5.2 Nitrogenases
3.6 Biohydrogen production process
3.6.1 Biophotolysis
3.6.2 Dark fermentation
3.6.3 Photo fermentation
3.6.4 Electro hydrogenesis
4 Factors affecting biohydrogen production
4.1 Temperature
4.2 pH
4.3 Light intensity
4.4 Microalgae species
4.5 Bioreactors
4.6 Other factors
5 Performance analysis of biohydrogen production
5.1 Oxygen sensitivity
5.2 Production of contaminants
5.3 High construction and operating cost
5.4 Managing postproduction and other difficulties
6 Challenges and future prospects
7 Conclusions
15. Harnessing coal beds for hydrogen storage and utilization in a circular economy
1 Introduction
2 Overview of coal beds
2.1 Characteristics of coal beds
2.2 Potential of coal beds as a resource for hydrogen storage and utilization
3 Hydrogen storage and utilization
3.1 Different methods of hydrogen storage and their limitations
3.1.1 Compressed gas storage
3.1.2 Liquid hydrogen storage
3.1.3 Solid-state hydrogen storage
3.1.4 Chemical hydrogen storage
3.1.5 Underground hydrogen storage
3.2 Advantages of utilizing coal beds for hydrogen storage
3.3 Techniques for extracting and storing hydrogen in coal beds
4 Circular economy and coal bed hydrogen utilization
4.1 The circular economy concept
4.2 Role of coal bed hydrogen utilization in the circular economy
4.3 Environmental and economic benefits of coal bed hydrogen utilization
4.4 Integration of coal bed hydrogen utilization with other circular economy practices
5 Challenges and future directions
5.1 Challenges and potential risks associated with coal bed hydrogen utilization
5.2 Opportunities for future research and development to improve coal bed hydrogen usage
6 Conclusion
16. State-of-the-art of technologies to achieve carbon neutrality and their bottlenecks in hydrogen generation and utilization
1 Introduction
1.1 Net carbon zero initiatives at global level
2 Research landscape of green hydrogen: Publication analysis
3 Challenges
3.1 Land-water-energy requirement
3.2 Raw material constraints
3.3 Renewable or low carbon electricity demand
3.4 Water foot print
3.4.1 India's scenario
3.5 Hydrogen leakage
4 Conclusion
17. Machine learning assisted low carbon technologies for accelerating deployment of hydrogen economy
1 Introduction
2 The hydrogen economy
3 The low carbon routes: Current achievements, challenges, and opportunities for machine learning
3.1 Water splitting
3.1.1 Water splitting by direct solar irradiation
3.1.2 Water splitting by electrolysis
3.2 Biomass gasification
3.3 Steam methane reforming process
4 Machine learning in energy systems
5 Machine learning applications in low carbon hydrogen economy
6 Conclusion
18. Green hydrogen production technologies
1 Introduction
2 Fundamentals of water splitting using photo-semiconductor catalysts
2.1 Recent development of PEC photoelectrodes
2.2 Future prospect and challenges
2.3 Future research direction
3 Integration of concentrator photovoltaic with water electrolyzer system
3.1 Concentrator photovoltaic system
3.2 Proton-exchange membrane water electrolyzer
3.3 Alkaline electrolyzer
3.4 Anion exchange membrane electrolyzer
4 Thermochemical water splitting cycles
4.1 Development of thermochemical water splitting cycles
4.2 Technologies of thermochemical water splitting cycles
4.2.1 Two-step thermochemical cycles
4.2.2 Three-step thermochemical cycles
4.2.3 Four or more steps thermochemical cycles
4.3 The bottlenecks of thermochemical cycles
4.4 Future recommendations
Index

Life Sciences

Physical Sciences & Engineering

Social Sciences & Humanities

Health

Accelerating the Transition to a Hydrogen Economy

Achieving Carbon Neutrality

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Tonni Agustiono Kurniawan

Majeti Narasimha Vara Prasad

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