A History of Modern Psychology

ContentsPreface 1 The Study of the History of Psychology Introduction The Physiological Influence The Relevance of the Past for the Present Where Does the History of Psychology Begin? The Development of Schools of Thought in Psychology Conceptions of Scientific History: Personalistic and Naturalistic 2 Direct Philosophical Influences on Psychology The Spirit of Mechanism: The Universe as a Machine The Beginnings of Modern Science: Descartes (1596-1650) The Life of Descartes The Contributions of Descartes British Empiricism and Associationism John Locke (1632-1704) George Berkeley(1685-1153) David Hume (1111-1116) David Hartley (1105-1151) James Mill (1113-1836) Contributions of Empiricism to Psychology 3 Physiological Influences on Psychology Developments in Early Physiology: An Overview The Beginnings of Experimental Psychology Why Germany? Hermann von Helmholtz (1821-1894) Ernst Weber (1195-1818) Gustav Theodor Fech7ier (1801-1881) The Formal Founding of the New Science A Note on "Founding" 4 The New Psychology: Structuralism and Its Early Opponents An Overview of Structuralism Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920) The Life of Wundt The Wundtian System The Research Topics of the Leipzig Laboratory In Retrospect Other Early European Psychologists Hermann Ebbinghaus (1850-1909) George Elias Müller (1850-1934) Franz Brentano(1838-1911) Carl Stumpf (1848-1936) Oswald Külpe (1862-1915) Comment 5 Structuralism: Final Form Edward Bradford Titchener (1867-1927) The Life of Titchener Titchener's Systenatic Position Original Source Material on Structuralism: From A Text-Book of Psychology The Fate of Structuralism Criticisms of Structuralism Contributions of Structuralism6 Functionalism: Antecedent Influences What Is Functionalism? Historical Overview of Functionalism The Evolution Revolution: Charles Darwin (1809-1882) The Life of Darwin The Works of Darwin The Influence of Darwin upon Psychology Individual Differences: Sir Francis Galton -(1822-1911) The Life of Galton The Works of Galton Comment Animal Psychology A Final Note 7 Functionalism: American Pioneers "Only in America" Anticipator of Functional Psychology: William James (1842-1910) The Life of James The Contributions of James Comment G. Stanley Hall (1844-1924) The Life of Jiall The Works of Hall Comment James McKeen Cattell (1860-1944) The Life of Cattell The Works of Cattell Comment Ganz Amerikanisch 8 Functionalism: Formal Development The Founding of Functionalism The Chicago School John Dewey (1859-1952) James Rowland Angell (1869-1949) Harvey A. Carr (1873-1954) Original Source Material on Functionalism: From Psychology Functionalism at Columbia: Robert Sessions Woodworth (1869-1962) Criticisms of Functionalism Contributions of Functionalism 9 Behaviorism: Antecedent Influences Introduction Animal Psychology Edward Lee Thorndike (1874-1949) The Life of Thorndike Thorndike's Connectionism Comment Ivan Petrovitch Pavlov (1849-1936) The Life of Pavlov Pavlov's Research Comment Vladimir M. Bekhterev (1857-1927) Comment Functionalism 10 Behaviorism: The Beginning Introduction: John B. Watson (1878-1958) Original Source Material on Behaviorism: From "Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It" Comment The Methods of Behaviorism The Subject Matter of Behaviorism Specific Views and Concepts Instinct Learning Emotion Thought Watson's Popular Appeal A Final Note Criticisms of Watsonian Behaviorism Contributions of Watsonian Behaviorism 11 Behaviorism: After the Founding Early Behaviorists Edwin B, Holt (1873-1946) Albert P. Weiss (1879-1931) Karl Lashley (1890-1958) The Influence of Operationism More Recent Behaviorists Edward Chace Tolman (1886-1959) Edwin Ray Guthrie (1886-1959) Clark Leonard Hull(1884-1952) Burrhus Frederick Skinner (1904-) Concluding Commentary on Behaviorism 12 Gestalt Psychology Introduction Antecedent Influences The Founding of Gestalt Psychology Max Wertheimer (1880-1943) Kurt Koffka (1886-1941) Wolfgang Köhler (1887-1967) The Nature of the Gestalt Revolt Original Source Material on Gestalt Psychology: From "Gestalt Theory" Werthelmer's Principles of Organization Gestalt Principles of Learning The Mentality of Apes: Köhler Productive Thinking: Wertheimer The Principle of Isomorphism The Reaction in America Post-Founding Developments The Spread of Gestalt Psychology after the Founding Field Theory: Kurt Lewin (1890-1947) Lewin and Social Psychology Criticisms of Gestalt Psychology Contributions of Gestalt Psychology13 Psychoanalysis: The Beginnings Introduction Historical Antecedents Early Theories of the Unconscious The Influence from Psychopathology Other Sources of Influence Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) and the Development of Psychoanalysis Psychoanalysis as a Method of Treatment Freud's Method of Research Psychoanalysis as a System of Personality The Unconscious and Conscious Aspects of Personality Instincts Anxiety Stages of Personality Development Mechanism and Determinism in Freud's System Early Conflicts between Psychology and Psychoanalysis Criticisms of Psychoanalysis Contributions of Psychoanalysis 14 Psychoanalysis: After the Founding Carl Gustav Jung (1875-1961) The Life of Jung Jung's System: Analytical Psychology The Structure of Personality Personality Development Introversion-Extraversion Word Association Comment Social-Psychological Theories in Psychoanalysis: The Zeitgeist Strikes Again Alfred Adler (1870-1937): Individual Psychology Karen Horney (1885-1952) Horney's System Horney's Theory of Neurosis Comment Erich Fromm (1900-) Comment Critique of the Social-Psychological Theories The Mainstream after Freud 15 Epilogue: More Recent Developments The Dissolution of the Schools Contemporary American Psychology Methods Major Research Areas Professionalization Contemporary Psychology in Other Countries Germany England Soviet Union Japan Other Countries The Future: Humanistic Psychology? ReferencesIndex