A Historical Perspective on Evidence-Based Immunology

1st Edition - November 25, 2015
Author: Edward J. Moticka
Language: English
Paperback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 3 9 8 3 8 1 - 7
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 3 9 8 3 7 5 - 6

A Historical Perspective on Evidence-Based Immunology focuses on the results of hypothesis-driven, controlled scientific experiments that have led to the current understan… Read more

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A Historical Perspective on Evidence-Based Immunology
focuses on the results of hypothesis-driven, controlled scientific experiments that have led to the current understanding of immunological principles. The text helps beginning students in biomedical disciplines understand the basis of immunologic knowledge, while also helping more advanced students gain further insights.

The book serves as a crucial reference for researchers studying the evolution of ideas and scientific methods, including fundamental insights on immunologic tolerance, interactions of lymphocytes with antigen TCR and BCR, the generation of diversity and mechanism of tolerance of T cells and B cells, the first cytokines, the concept of autoimmunity, the identification of NK cells as a unique cell type, the structure of antibody molecules and identification of Fab and Fc regions, and dendritic cells.

Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Dedication
Copyright
Foreword
Glossary of Historical Terms
Chapter 1. Innate Host Defense Mechanisms and Adaptive Immune Responses
- Introduction
- Innate Defense Mechanisms
- Adaptive Immune Responses
- Conclusion
Chapter 2. Hallmarks of the Adaptive Immune Responses
- Introduction
- Immunologic Specificity
- Self–Non-Self-Discrimination
- Immunologic Memory
- Conclusion
Chapter 3. Two Effector Mechanisms of the Adaptive Immune Response
- Introduction
- Antibody
- Cell-Mediated Immunity
- Conclusion
Chapter 4. The Small Lymphocyte Is the Antigen Reactive Cell
- Introduction
- The Small Lymphocyte
- Passive Transfer Experiments
- Migratory Pathways of Small Lymphocytes
- Depletion Experiments
- Immunocompetence of Thoracic Duct Lymphocytes
- Morphological Changes of Activated Small Lymphocytes
- Conclusion
Chapter 5. Lymphocytes Transform into Plasma Cells and Produce Antibodies
- Introduction
- Cells and Antibodies
- Antigens and Antibodies in Lymphoid Organs
- Lymphocyte–Plasma Cell Debate
- Passive Transfer Studies
- Visualization of Antibody-Forming Cells
- Transformation of Small Lymphocytes into Plasma Cells
- Conclusion
Chapter 6. The Clonal Selection Theory of Antibody Formation
- Introduction
- Early Models of Antibody Formation
- Challenges to Instruction Models
- Paradigm Shift: From Instruction to Selection
- The Clonal Selection Theory
- Conclusion
Chapter 7. Plasma Cells Produce Antibody of a Single Specificity
- Introduction
- Single Cell Experiments: Development of the Microdrop Technique
- Immunofluorescent Studies
- Antigen Receptors on B Lymphocytes
- Multiple Myeloma and the One Cell: One Antibody Concept
- Development of Monoclonal Antibodies
- Conclusion
Chapter 8. Self–Non-self Discrimination: How the Immune System Avoids Self-Destruction
- Introduction
- Horror Autotoxicus
- Production of Autoantibodies
- An Experiment of Nature
- Acquisition of Self–Non-self Discrimination
- Conclusion
Chapter 9. The Thymus in Lymphocyte Maturation
- Introduction
- Early History of the Thymus
- Serendipity and Neonatal Thymectomy
- Naturally Occurring Examples of Euthymic States
- Conclusion
Chapter 10. The Bursa of Fabricius in Lymphocyte Maturation
- Introduction
- Early History of the Bursa of Fabricius
- Serendipity and Bursectomy
- Rediscovery of the Role of the Bursa of Fabricius
- Search for the Bursa Equivalent in Mammals
- Division of Lymphocytes into Two Functionally Distinct Populations
- Markers to Differentiate T and B Lymphocytes
- Conclusion
Chapter 11. Revealing the Structure of the Immunoglobulin Molecule
- Introduction
- The Unitarian Hypothesis of Antibodies
- The Composition and Structure of Antibodies
- Development of the Four Chain Model of Antibody
- Location of the Antigen Binding Site
- Immunoglobulin Isotypes (Classes)
- Conclusion
Chapter 12. Complement
- Introduction
- Early Evidence for Complement
- The Classical Pathway
- The Alternate (Properdin) Pathway
- The Lectin Pathway
- Biological Activity of Complement and Its Fragments
- Conclusion
Chapter 13. Antibody Production Requires Thymus-Derived and Bone Marrow (Bursa)-Derived Lymphocyte Interactions
- Introduction
- The Hemolytic Plaque Assay
- T-B Lymphocyte Collaboration in Antibody Formation
- T-Independent Antigens
- Conclusion
Chapter 14. Cell Collaboration in the Antibody Response: Role of Adherent Cells
- Introduction
- Morphological Changes
- Information Exchange
- Collaboration Between Adherent and Nonadherent Cells
- Genetic Control of Macrophage–Lymphocyte Interactions
- Conclusion
Chapter 15. Recognition Structures on Cells of the Innate Host Defense Mechanisms
- Introduction
- Early Investigations on Recognition by Phagocytic Cells
- Discovery of Pattern Recognition Receptors
- Conclusion
Chapter 16. The Adaptive Immune Response and Histocompatibility Genes
- Introduction
- Discovery of Histocompatibility Antigens and Genes
- Regulation of the Adaptive Immune Response by MHC Genes
- Correlation of MHC Gene Expression with Pathology
- Molecular Structure of MHC-Coded Proteins
- Conclusion
Chapter 17. Interaction of Lymphocytes with Antigen: Identification of Antigen-Specific Receptors
- Introduction
- Discovery of the B Cell Receptor
- Discovery of the T Cell Receptor
- Conclusion
Chapter 18. Generation of Diversity in the Adaptive Immune Response
- Introduction
- Generation of Diversity in B Lymphocytes
- Generation of Diversity in T Lymphocytes
- Conclusion
Chapter 19. B Lymphocyte Activation
- Introduction
- Two-Signal Model of B Lymphocyte Activation
- Signal 1: The B Cell Receptor
- Signal 2: Soluble Factors and Cell-to-Cell Interactions
- Isotype Switching
- Conclusion
Chapter 20. Activation of T Lymphocytes and MHC Restriction
- Introduction
- Experimental Approaches to Measure T Lymphocyte Activation
- The Two-Signal Hypothesis of T Lymphocyte Activation
- Signal 1: TCR Recognition
- MHC Restriction
- Role of CD3 Molecules in T Lymphocyte Activation
- Signal 2: Role of Costimulatory Molecules
- Conclusion
Chapter 21. Development of Tolerance to Self in B Lymphocytes
- Introduction
- Development of Central Tolerance to Self
- Peripheral B Lymphocyte Unresponsiveness
- Conclusion
Chapter 22. Development of Tolerance to Self in T Lymphocytes
- Introduction
- Differentiation of T Lymphocytes in the Thymus
- Positive Selection of T Lymphocytes
- Negative Selection of T Lymphocytes
- Conclusion
Chapter 23. T Lymphocyte Subpopulations
- Introduction
- Antibody Studies to Identify T Lymphocyte Subsets
- Cytokines Secreted by T Lymphocyte Subpopulations
- Conclusion
Chapter 24. T Lymphocyte Control of the Immune Response: From TS to TREG
- Introduction
- Suppressor T Lymphocytes
- Rise of T Regulatory Lymphocytes
- Conclusion
Chapter 25. Intercellular Communication in the Immune System
- Introduction
- Early Studies of Soluble Factors in the Immune Response
- Identification of Other Select Cytokines
- Chemokines
- Nomenclature
- Conclusion
Chapter 26. Antibody-Mediated Effector Mechanisms
- Introduction
- Neutralization
- Activation of Complement
- Opsonization
- Antibody-Dependent Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity
- Release of Vasoactive Mediators
- Conclusion
Chapter 27. T-Lymphocyte-Mediated Effector Mechanisms
- Introduction
- Cell-Mediated Immune Responses
- Conclusion
Chapter 28. Lymphocytes that Kill: Natural Killer (NK) and Natural Killer T (NKT) Lymphocytes
- Introduction
- Discovery of NK Lymphocytes
- NK Lymphocytes
- Self–Non-self Recognition by NK Lymphocytes
- NKT Lymphocytes
- Conclusion
Chapter 29. Role of Dendritic Cells in the Adaptive Immune Response
- Introduction
- Dendritic Cells in the Adaptive Immune System
- Characterization of Dendritic Cells
- Functional Characterization of Dendritic Cells
- Relationship Between Langerhans Cells and Dendritic Cells
- Dendritic Cell Vaccines
- Conclusion
Chapter 30. The Mucosal Immune System and Secretory IgA
- Introduction
- Identification of Mucosal-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT)
- Evidence for a Separate Mucosal Immune System
- Discovery of Secretory IgA
- Migratory Path of Lymphocytes in the Mucosal Immune System
- Discovery of Microfold (M) Cells and Their Function
- Conclusion
Chapter 31. Disorders of the Innate Host Defenses
- Introduction
- Deficiencies of the Cells of Innate Host Defense Mechanisms
- Deficiencies of the Complement System
- Autoinflammatory Diseases
- Conclusion
Chapter 32. Defects in the Adaptive Immune Response Leading to Recurrent Infections
- Introduction
- Primary (Congenital) Immunodeficiencies
- Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
- Conclusion
Chapter 33. Pathologies Resulting from Aberrant Immune Responses
- Introduction
- Type I Hypersensitivities
- Type II Hypersensitivity
- Type III Hypersensitivity
- Type IV Hypersensitivity
- Immune-Mediated Pathologies Secondary to Infections
- Conclusion
Chapter 34. Immune Responses Directed Against Self
- Introduction
- Early Studies on Autoimmune Reactivity and Disease
- Autoimmune Diseases—New Pathologic Mechanisms for Old Diseases
- Conclusion
Chapter 35. Lymphoproliferative Diseases
- Introduction
- Lymphoma
- Leukemia
- Monoclonal Gammopathy (Paraproteinemia)
- Conclusion
Chapter 36. Transplantation Immunology
- Introduction
- Clinical Experience with Transplantation
- Immunology of Transplant Rejection
- Antigenic Stimulus for Graft Rejection
- Mechanism of Graft Rejection
- Control of Graft Rejection
- Conclusion
Chapter 37. Tumor Immunology
- Introduction
- Tumor Antigens
- Adaptive Immune Responses to Tumors
- Immunotherapeutic Approaches
- Conclusion
Chapter 38. Therapies That Manipulate Host Defense Mechanisms
- Introduction
- Active Immunization
- Passive Transfer of Immunity
- Immunosuppression
- Reconstitution of Immunodeficiencies
- T Regulatory (TREG) Lymphocytes as Therapeutic Agents
- Conclusion
Chapter 39. Techniques to Detect and Quantify Host Defenses
- Introduction
- The Cells of Host Defense Mechanisms
- Functional Studies of Lymphocytes
- Skin Tests
- Measurement of Antibodies
- Quantitative Techniques Using Immunologic Principles
- Conclusion
Chapter 40. The Future of Immunology
- Introduction
- Basic Science
- Clinical Applications
- Conclusion
Index

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A Historical Perspective on Evidence-Based Immunology

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Edward J. Moticka