A Centum of Valuable Plant Bioactives

During last couple of decades, a great deal of research has explored what exactly plants contain (bioactives) and how these molecules may interact with human physiology at the molecular level. It is extremely important to know what happens to plant bioactives or their biological activities when processed or isolated under various reaction conditions. Huge numbers of extraction or food manufacturing methodologies are adversely affecting the quality of these phytonutrients so there is a prompt need to highlight these processes/methods and replace them with more novel, efficient, green, or eco-friendly ones.

A Centum of Valuable Plant Bioactives is a comprehensive resource on the top 100 plant bioactives available. Chapters are grouped together by bioactives, with sections on carotenes, xanthophylls, terpenoids, steroids, polyphenols and more. This is an essential guide for botanists, food technologists and chemists, nutritionists and pharmacists.

Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Dedication
Contributors
About the editors
Preface
Acknowledgments
Chapter 1: β-Carotene: Beyond provitamin A
Abstract
1.1: Introduction
1.2: β-Carotene biogenesis
1.3: Structural features and physiochemical characteristics of β-carotene
1.4: Sources
1.5: Extraction/isolation/characterization of β-carotene
1.6: β-Carotene degradation
1.7: β-Carotene: As vitamin A precursor
1.8: Clinical potential of β-carotene
1.9: β-Carotene and skin lesions
1.10: Cardiovascular protection
1.11: Chemopreventive role of β-carotene
1.12: β-Carotene protection against fatty liver disease
1.13: Conclusion and future prospectus
Chapter 2: Lycopene
Abstract
2.1: Introduction
2.2: Sources, biogenesis, and production of lycopene
2.3: Structural features
2.4: Digestion/intake of food rich in lycopene
2.5: Extraction
2.6: Encapsulation
2.7: Oxidative cleavage of lycopene
2.8: Bioavailability and bioaccessibility
2.9: Clinical trials
2.10: Processing of lycopene: Biorefinery concept applied to tomato wastes
2.11: Conclusions
Chapter 3: Lutein and zeaxanthin
Abstract
3.1: Introduction
3.2: Major sources of lutein and zeaxanthin
3.3: Chemical structure of lutein and zeaxanthin
3.4: Bioavailability and dietry intake for lutein and zeaxanthin
3.5: Extraction and purification of lutein and zeaxanthin
3.6: Microencapsulation
3.7: Mechanism of action
3.8: Health benefits of lutein and xeazanthin
3.9: Clinical trials of lutein and zeaxanthin
3.10: Conclusion
Chapter 4: Limonene
Abstract
Declaration of interest
4.1: Introduction
4.2: Biogenesis of limonene
4.3: Physicochemical properties of limonene
4.4: Distribution of limonene
4.5: Extraction/purification of limonene
4.6: Metabolism/bioavailability of limonene
4.7: Medicinal/pharmaceutical and food applications of limonene
4.8: Conclusions
Chapter 5: Oleanolic acid and ursolic acid
Abstract
5.1: Introduction
5.2: Oleanolic acid and ursolic acid
5.3: Structural features of oleanolic acid and ursolic acid
5.4: Biogenesis of oleanolic acid (OA) and ursolic acid (UA)
5.5: Origin and sources
5.6: Extraction and recovery of oleanolic acid (OA) and ursolic acid (UA)
5.7: Clinical potential of oleanolic acid (OA) and ursolic acid (UA)
5.8: Conclusion
Chapter 6: Betulinic acid
Abstract
6.1: Introduction
6.2: Occurrence
6.3: Chemical structure and physicochemical properties
6.4: Extraction
6.5: Analytical purification
6.6: Semisynthetic preparation of betulinic acid
6.7: Semisynthetic modification and chemical approaches
6.8: Bioavailability and metabolism
6.9: Mechanism of action and therapeutic applications
6.10: Miscellaneous pharmacological activities
6.11: Conclusions and perspectives
Chapter 7: Moronic acid: An antiviral for herpes simplex virus
Abstract
7.1: Introduction
7.2: Sources of moronic acid
7.3: Extraction/preparation of moronic acid and its derivatives
7.4: Clinical trials
7.5: Conclusion
Chapter 8: Kahweol and cafestol
Abstract
8.1: Introduction
8.2: Occurrence
8.3: Influence of the roasting process
8.4: Biosynthesis
8.5: Extraction/purification
8.6: Bioaccessibility
8.7: Metabolism, therapeutic, and chemopreventive effects
8.8: Concluding remarks
Chapter 9: β-Sitosterol as a functional bioactive
Abstract
9.1: β-Sitosterol
9.2: Sources of β-sitosterol
9.3: β-Sitosterol as a functional food component
9.4: Effect of food processing on β-sitosterol concentration of oil
9.5: β-Sitosterol analysis
9.6: β-Sitosterol, as a functional ingredient in food products
9.7: Food products and nutraceuticals enriched with phytosterols/β-sitosterol in market
9.8: Novel delivery systems loaded with β-sitosterol
9.9: Conclusion
Chapter 10: Stigmasterol
Abstract
10.1: Introduction
10.2: Biogenesis of stigmasterol
10.3: Phytosterols distribution
10.4: Sterols as precursor of pharmaceutical industries
10.5: Biological properties of phytosterols
10.6: Antiinflammatory activity
10.7: Antiosteoarthritis
10.8: Cardiovascular disease
10.9: Effects on cholesterol metabolism
10.10: Clinical trials for cholesterol control
10.11: Clinical trials for anticancer activity
10.12: Stigmasterol safety limits
10.13: Conclusion
Conflict of interest
Chapter 11: Apiole
Abstract
11.1: Introduction
11.2: Biogenesis
11.3: Physicochemical characteristics
11.4: Occurrence and applications
11.5: Apiole pharmacokinetics
11.6: Chemical synthesis of apiole derivatives
11.7: Extraction of apiole
11.8: Biological activities of apiole
11.9: Apiole toxicity and poisoning
11.10: DNA adduct after apiole administration
11.11: Conclusion
Chapter 12: Carnosic acid and carnosol
Abstract
12.1: Introduction
12.2: Distribution of carnosic acid/carnosol in plants
12.3: Factors affecting the concentration of carnosic acid/carnosol
12.4: Bio/synthesis of carnosic acid and carnosol
12.5: Antioxidant and antibacterial characteristics of carnosic acid
12.6: Carnosic acid/carnosol benefits for food, health, and cosmetics
12.7: Role of carnosol in cancer prevention
12.8: Bioactivity guided clinical trials of carnosic acid/carnosol
Chapter 13: Thymol
Abstract
13.1: Introduction to thymol
13.2: Distribution of thymol
13.3: Extraction isolation and characterization of thymol
13.4: Thymol pharmacokinetics
13.5: Antioxidant properties
13.6: Antiinflammatory properties
13.7: Antimicrobial properties
13.8: Thymol in cancer cells
13.9: Atherosclerosis
13.10: Cardiac arrhythmias
13.11: Hepatotoxicity
13.12: Alzheimer’s disease
13.13: Diabetes mellitus
13.14: Commercial products of thymol
13.15: Conclusion
Chapter 14: Kaempferol and glucosides
Abstract
14.1: Introduction
14.2: Biosynthesis
14.3: Sources, isolation, determination, and characterization of kaempferol
14.4: Metabolism, bioavailability, and bioaccessibility
14.5: Safety, health benefits, and therapeutic uses
14.6: Concluding remarks
Chapter 15: Quercetin as an antiinflammatory analgesic
Abstract
15.1: Introduction
15.2: Extraction and analysis of quercetin
15.3: Absorption, metabolism, distribution, and bioavailability of quercetin
15.4: Structural features of quercetin
15.5: Antioxidant activity of quercetin
15.6: Analgesic effects of quercetin
15.7: Other effects of quercetin
15.8: Clinical studies of quercetin
15.9: Approaches to enhance the solubility and bioavailability of quercetin
15.10: Conclusions and future trends
Chapter 16: Resveratrol
Abstract
16.1: Introduction
16.2: Chemical structure and diversity
16.3: Biosynthesis
16.4: Sources of resveratrol
16.5: Extraction
16.6: Resveratrol metabolism and bioavailability
16.7: Clinical studies on resveratrol
16.8: Conclusion
Chapter 17: Fisetin: A senolytic drug
Abstract
17.1: Introduction
17.2: Flavonoids
17.3: Flavonol: Fisetin
17.4: Biosynthesis pathway and sources
17.5: Bioavailability
17.6: Pharmacokinetics and metabolism
17.7: Extraction and characterization of fisetin
17.8: Clinical potential of fisetin
17.9: Conclusions
Chapter 18: Hesperidin and naringenin
Abstract
18.1: Introduction
18.2: Hesperidin
18.3: Naringenin
18.4: Clinical potential of naringenin
18.5: Future prospective
Chapter 19: Silybins: Antiviral liver analeptics
Abstract
19.1: Introduction
19.2: Sources of silybins
19.3: Chemistry of silybins
19.4: Silybin production/biogenesis
19.5: Extraction of silybins
19.6: Bioavailability of silybins
19.7: Clinical applications of silybin
19.8: Conclusion and future prospectus
Chapter 20: Eriodictyol
Abstract
Acknowledgments
20.1: Introduction
20.2: Eriodictyol
20.3: Sources of eriodyctiol
20.4: Chemistry of eriodictyol flavonoid
20.5: Biosynthesis of eriodictyol
20.6: Health benefits and therapeutic potential of eriodictyol
20.7: Conclusion
Chapter 21: Boldine
Abstract
21.1: Occurrence
21.2: Chemical structure and physicochemical properties
21.3: Extraction of boldine
21.4: Analytical characterization of boldine
21.5: Pharmacokinetics
21.6: Chemical modification of boldine
21.7: Clinical potential of boldine
21.8: Conclusions
Chapter 22: Luteolin
Abstract
22.1: Introduction
22.2: Chemical structure/chemistry of luteolin
22.3: Source of luteolin
22.4: Extraction
22.5: Synthesis
22.6: Bioavailability and metabolism of luteolin
22.7: Mechanism of action
22.8: Antiinflammatory
22.9: Cancer
22.10: Skin disorders
22.11: Sex hormone synthesis
22.12: Clinical trials
22.13: Conclusion
Chapter 23: Catechins
Abstract
23.1: Introduction
23.2: Catechins’ reservoir or sources
23.3: Physical properties of catechins
23.4: Structural features of catechins
23.5: Stereoisomerism and different forms of catechin
23.6: Effect of oxidation on the catechins’ functions
23.7: Catechin-rich infusion products
23.8: Extraction of catechins
23.9: Biosynthesis of catechins
23.10: Biodegradation of catechins
23.11: Health beneficial effects of catechins
23.12: Conclusions
Chapter 24: Apigenin
Abstract
24.1: Introduction
24.2: Physicochemical properties and sources of apigenin
24.3: Biosynthesis of apigenin
24.4: Extraction and isolation of apigenin from natural sources
24.5: Absorption and metabolism of apigenin
24.6: Biological activity of apigenin
24.7: Conclusion
Conflict of interest
Chapter 25: Biochanin A and biochanin B
Abstract
Acknowledgments
25.1: Introduction
25.2: Occurrence of biochanin A and B
25.3: Biogenesis of biochanin A and B
25.4: Chemical synthesis and derivatives of biochanin A and B
25.5: Extraction of biochanin A and B
25.6: Biological activities of biochanin A and biochanin B
25.7: Metabolism of biochanin A and B
25.8: Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of isoflavones (biochanin A and B)
25.9: Clinical trials
25.10: Conclusion and future perspectives
Chapter 26: Piperine and curcumin
Abstract
26.1: Piperine
26.2: Curcumin
26.3: Conclusion and future prospectus
Chapter 27: Caffeic and chlorogenic acids
Abstract
27.1: Distribution of caffeic and chlorogenic acids
27.2: Extraction and purification of CA and CGA
27.3: Simple extraction
27.4: Purification methods
27.5: Isomerism of CA and CGA
27.6: Genetic engineering for biogenesis control
27.7: Effect of caffeic and chlorogenic acid on glucose and lipid metabolism
Chapter 28: Ferulic acid
Abstract
Acknowledgments
28.1: Introduction
28.2: Structure, physical, chemical, and spectroscopic properties
28.3: Biosynthesis
28.4: Occurrence
28.5: Extraction
28.6: Spectroscopic methods
28.7: Chromatographic methods
28.8: Bioavailability
28.9: Metabolism
28.10: Physiological functions and applications
28.11: Final considerations
Chapter 29: Capsaicin
Abstract
29.1: Capsaicin
29.2: Origin and sources
29.3: Structural features
29.4: Biosynthetic pathway
29.5: Physicochemical properties
29.6: Bioavailability/pharmacokinetics
29.7: Extraction and analysis
29.8: Clinical potential of capsaicin
29.9: Conclusion
Chapter 30: Phytic acid and phytase
Abstract
30.1: Phytic acid: Chemical structure and properties
30.2: Sources of phytic acid
30.3: Determination of phytic acid in foods
30.4: Effect of food processing on phytic acid/phytate content
30.5: The role of phytic acid dietary intake on human health and diseases
Chapter 31: Tocopherols
Abstract
Acknowledgments
31.1: Tocochromanols
31.2: Tocopherols
31.3: Extraction of tocopherols
31.4: Supercritical fluid extraction
31.5: Extraction of tocopherols from fruits and vegetables using supercritical CO2 and other conventional methods
Chapter 32: Spilanthol (affinin)
Abstract
Acknowledgment
32.1: Introduction
32.2: Spilanthol sources
32.3: Pharmacology and biological activities of spilanthol
32.4: Conclusion
Index

Life Sciences

Physical Sciences & Engineering

Social Sciences & Humanities

Health

A Centum of Valuable Plant Bioactives

Purchase options

BLOOM INTO SPRING SAVINGS

Institutional subscription on ScienceDirect

Muhammad Mushtaq

Farooq Anwar

Related books