Nutrition and Aging

Contributors

Editor's Foreword

Foreword

Preface


1 Aging and Nutrition: A Multifaceted Problem

I. Introduction

II. Age-Related Changes in Body Composition and Metabolism

III. Aging and Tissue Function

IV. Nutrient Needs and Intakes of the Elderly

V. Factors in the Nutritional Status of the Elderly

References


2 Physiologic Interface of Aging and Nutrition

I. Introduction

II. Factors Affecting Expression of Disease in the Elderly

III. Physiologie Changes Occurring with Advancing Age

IV. Summary

References


3 Nutrition and Organ Function in a Cohort of Aging Men

I. Introduction

II. The Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging

III. Physiological Functions

IV. Conclusions

References


4 Impact of Aging and Nutrition on Human Skin: Studies at the Cellular Level

I. Introduction

II. Clinical Aspects of Skin Aging

III. In Vitro Studies of Skin Aging and Nutritional Requirements

IV. Conclusions

References


5 Vitamin D Synthesis by the Aging Skin

I. Introduction: Consequences of Bone Disease in the Aged

II. Historical Perspective

III. Production of Vitamin D in the Skin

IV. Metabolism of Vitamin D

V. Vitamin D Nutrition in the Aged

VI. Effect of Aging on the Capacity of the Skin to Produce Vitamin D3

VII. Recommendations for Maintaining Vitamin D Nutrition for the Elderly

VIII. Conclusions

References


6 Implications of Gastric Atrophy for Vitamin and Mineral Nutriture

I. Introduction

II. Physiologic Consequences of Atrophic Gastritis

III. Vitamin B12

IV. Folic Acid

V. Iron

VI. Calcium

VII. Other Micronutrients

References


7 Trace Elements and the Needs of the Elderly

I. Introduction

II. Definition of Requirement and Recommended Intake

III. The Present State of Knowledge Pertaining to Mineral Requirements of the Elderly

IV. Efficiency of Intestinal Absorption

V. Determination of Requirements for Mineral Elements in the Elderly

VI. The Categories of Mineral Elements

VII. Interactions

VIII. Conclusions

References


8 Role of Dietary Antioxidants in Aging

I. Introduction

II. Free Radical Theory of Aging

III. Antioxidant Defense Systems

IV. Age-Related Alterations in Antioxidant Protection

V. Life Span Modification by Dietary Antioxidants

VI. Role of Dietary Antioxidants in Degenerative Conditions

VII. Role of Dietary Antioxidants in Immune Function

VIII. Conclusions

References


9 Aging Animal Models for the Study of Drug-Nutrient Interactions

I. Introduction

II. Basic Aspects of Aging

III. Major Animal Groups for Research on Aging

IV. Drug-Nutrient Interactions in the Elderly

V. Aging and Drug Effects in Animal Models

VI. Drug-Nutrient Interactions in Animal Models

VII. Conclusions

References


10 Biochemical Assessment of Vitamin Status in the Elderly: Effects of Dietary Supplemental Intakes

I. Introduction

II. Dietary Intake Measurements

III. Vitamin Measurements

IV. Vitamin Assessment in a Healthy Elderly Population

V. Conclusion

References


11 Effectiveness of Nutrition Intervention Programs for the Elderly

I. Introduction

II. Title III Nutrition Program for Older Americans

III. Food Stamp Program

IV. Other Programs

V. Conclusion

References


12 The Elderly Alcoholic: Experience with Baltimore Veterans and Private Alcoholism Patients over Age

I. Introduction

II. Prevalence of Alcoholism

III. Amount of Alcohol Ingested

IV. Duration of Alcoholism

V. Diseases Produced by Alcoholism

VI. Discussion

References


13 Exercise and Muscle Metabolism in the Elderly

I. Introduction

II. Factors Affecting Skeletal Muscle Mass

III. Morphological Changes in Skeletal Muscle

IV. Exercise and Protein Metabolism in Muscle

V. Muscle Metabolism and Aging

VI. Summary

References


14 Aging of Rats: The Roles of Food Restriction and Exercise

I. Effects of Food Restriction in Rodents

II. Effects of Exercise on Longevity

References


15 Nutritional Factors in Age-Related Osteoporosis

I. The Problem of Osteoporosis

II. Determinants of Bone Mass

III. Calcium

IV. Phosphate

V. Protein

VI. Vitamin D

VII. Summary and Conclusion

References


16 Significance of Vitamin D in Age-Related Bone Disease

I. Introduction

II. The Vitamin D Endocrine System

III. Osteomalacia and Osteoporosis

IV. Aging and Vitamin D Metabolism and Function

V. Postmenopausal Osteoporosis

VI. Treatment of Postmenopausal Osteoporosis with l,25-(OH)2D3

VII. Summary

References


17 Diet, Immunity, and Longevity

I. Introduction

II. Initial Investigations in Mice, Rats, and Guinea Pigs of Protein and Calorie Malnutrition and Immune Functions

III. Zinc and Immunity

IV. Influence of Nutrition on Immunologic Involution and Susceptibility to Diseases of Aging in Inbred Mice

V. Dietary Constituents Crucial to Inhibition of Autoimmunity and Nephritis

VI. Breast Cancer in Mice

VII. Conclusions and Future Studies

References


18 Nutrition and the Aging Hematopoietic System

I. Introduction

II. Effect of Age on Normal Bone Marrow Function

III. Effect of Age on Hematopoiesis in Man

IV. Epidemiologic Evidence Implicating Nutrition in the Anemia of the Elderly

V. Role of Nutrition in Age-Related Changes in Hematopoiesis in Animals

VI. Hematopoietic Manifestations of Protein-Calorie Malnutrition in the Elderly

VII. Potential Age-Nutrition-Hematopoietic Interactions

VIII. Conclusion

References


19 Nutrition and the Aging Cardiovascular System

I. Introduction

II. Risk Factors and Aging

III. Secular Trends in Nutrition-Related Risk Factors

IV. Summary

References

Index