McCurnin's Clinical Textbook for Veterinary Technicians and Nurses

11th Edition - November 22, 2024
Imprint: Elsevier
Author: Oreta M. Samples
Language: English
Hardback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 9 3 6 5 1 - 4
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 4 4 3 - 2 8 1 4 5 - 7

Prepare for all the duties of a veterinary technician! McCurnin's Clinical Textbook for Veterinary Technicians and Nurses, 11th Edition, covers every aspect of veterinary techno… Read more

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Prepare for all the duties of a veterinary technician! McCurnin's Clinical Textbook for Veterinary Technicians and Nurses, 11th Edition, covers every aspect of veterinary technology, including the care of small and large animals, birds, reptiles, and small mammals. Procedure boxes offer step-by-step guidelines to performing key tasks, and use of the veterinary technician practice model helps to improve your critical thinking and decision-making skills. The cornerstone text in vet tech education, this illustrated guide prepares you for success on the Veterinary Technician National Exam (VTNE®) and in clinical practice.

Title of Book
Cover image
Title page
Disclaimer
Table of Contents
How to Use
Copyright
Dedication
Contributors
Preface
Key Features
Organization
The Learning Package
Student Workbook
TEACH Instructor Resources
Evolve Website
Acknowledgments
How to Use This Learning Package
Textbook Features
Student Workbook
Evolve Website
Additional Resources
Part 1. Veterinary Technology: An Overview
1. Introduction to Veterinary Nursing and Technology: Its Laws and EthicsA veterinary technician stands inside a laboratory with a pet dog near by. She holds a long narrow tube used for fiberoptic endoscopes and one end of the tube is placed on the throat of the pet.
Introduction
Veterinary Technician Oath
History of Veterinary Technology
The Veterinary Nurse and Technician Today
Employment Prospects, Salaries, and Attrition
Education
Programs of Veterinary Technology
Standard Criteria
Distance Education
Basic Math and Science Courses
Veterinary Technology Courses
Continuing Education (CE)
The Veterinary Technician National Examination (VTNE)
The Profession of Veterinary Technology and Veterinary Nursing
What Defines a Profession?
What Structure Is in Place to Define and Guide the Clinical Responsibilities of Veterinary Technicians?
The Veterinary Technician Practice Model
Step 1: Gather Data
Step 2: Identify and Prioritize Patient Evaluations
Step 3: Develop a Plan of Care and Implement Interventions
Step 4: Evaluate Patient Response
Step 5: Add Data
Scope of Practice
Responsibilities of the Veterinary Technician in Practice
Reception Area
Outpatients and Examination Rooms
Laboratory and Pharmacy
Radiology and Special Imaging
Treatment Room
Operating Room
Wards
Hospital Management and Communications
Terminology and the Veterinary Health Care Team
Veterinarian
Veterinary Technician Specialist
Veterinary Technologist
Veterinary Technician
Veterinary Assistant
Laboratory Animal Technicians and Technologists
Professionalism
Preamble
Code of Ethics
Ideals
Case Assessment:
Student Assessment:
Professional Appearance
Uniform
Hands and Nails
Jewelry, Face, and Hair
Professional Conduct
In the Workplace
Outside the Workplace
Professional Communication
Verbal Communication
Written Communication
Text Messaging
Professional Organizations and Acronyms
National Association of Veterinary Technicians in America
Registered Veterinary Technologists and Technicians of Canada/Technologues et Techniciens Vétérinaires en Registrés du Canada
Professional Ethics
Profession-related Laws and Regulations
Laws (Statutes)
Veterinary Technician Means:
The Practice of Veterinary Technology Means:
Regulations Defining Tasks of Veterinary Technicians
Rules and Regulations
Entry Into Practice
Licenses, Certificates, and Registrations
Demonstrating Good Moral Character
Background Checks
Refusal of Licensure
License Renewal and Continuing Education
Grounds for Disciplinary Action
Technical Violations
Substantive Violations
Responsibility for Actions
Process of Disciplinary Action
Notice
Right to a Hearing
Disciplinary Sanctions
Additional Laws Governing Veterinary Practice
Labor Laws
Hostile Work Environment
Safety in the Workplace
Medical Waste Management Laws
Controlled Substances
Emerging Issues
Intellectual Property and Contract Law
Animal-Related Laws
Anticruelty Laws
Animals Used in Research and Education
Horse Protection Act
Endangered Species Act
Laws Specific to Canada
Criminal Code of Canada
Canada Wildlife Act
Canadian Food Inspection Agency
Provincial Legislation on Animal Welfare
Nongovernment Animal Welfare Organizations
Humane Transportation of Animals
Canadian Meat Inspection Act
2. Veterinary Practice Management A close view shows a veterinary technician giving instructions to a client as she views a notebook placed on a near by table.
Introduction
Types of Veterinary Practices
Typical Employee Positions
Management Personnel
Veterinarians
Veterinary Technicians and Technologists
Veterinary Assistants
Receptionists
Kennel, Ward, and Barn Attendants
Practice Facilities and Workflow
Examples of Nosocomial Infection Sources
Preventing Nosocomial Infections
Small Animal General Practices
Facility Exterior
Outpatient Areas
Inpatient Areas
Surgical Area
Support Area
Tips:
Small Animal House-Call Practices
Specialty and Emergency Practices
Large Animal Mobile Units
Large Animal Haul-in Facilities
Clients and Client Services
Importance of Client Communication
Communication Myths
Six Aspects of Excellent Communication
Dealing With Difficult Clients
Management of the Veterinary Practice
Planning
Human Resources
Hiring
Compensation
Training and Orientation
Employee Management and Retention
Addressing Employee Stress
Marketing
Internal Marketing
A Practice App
External Marketing
Financial
Bookkeeping and Accounting
Management Analysis
Operations
Front Desk Management
OSHA and Safety Management
Inventory Management
Computerization of the Veterinary Practice
Electronic Medical Records
Patient Scheduling
Reminders
Billing
Inventory
Client Communication
Accounts Receivable
Summary
3. Veterinary Medical Records A radiograph of the pelvic bones of a pet animal.
Introduction
Patient Medical Record
Principles and Functions of the Medical Record
Primary Purposes
Supports Excellent Medical Care
Documents Communications
Primary (medical care based)
Secondary (business & legal based)
Secondary Purposes
Supports Business and Legal Activities
Supports Research
Medical and Legal Requirements
Veterinarian-Client-Patient Relationship
Importance of Informed Consent
Consent and Authorization Forms
Documentation: Protection Against Complaints and Litigation
Ownership and Release of Medical Information
Format of Veterinary Medical Records
Source-Oriented Veterinary Medical Record
Problem-Oriented Veterinary Medical Record
Components of the Problem-Oriented Veterinary Medical Record
The Database
Client and Patient Information
History
Physical Examination Findings
Laboratory, Diagnostic Imaging, and Other Pertinent Forms
Client Information
Patient Information
Pertinent History
Previous History
Physical Examination
Diagnosis
Prognoses
Therapeutic Plans
Cautionary Notes
Master Problem List and Working Problem List
Hospitalized Patient Records
Overview
Veterinary Technician SOAP Notes
Medication Administration/Order Record
Cage Cards and Patient Identification
Discharge and Summary Forms
Management of Electronic Medical Records
Overview
Advantages of Electronic Medical Records
Validating the Electronic Record
Risk of Loss
Logs
Management of Paper Medical Records
Organization and Filing
Alphabetic Filing
Numeric Filing
File Purging
Lost Records
Management of Ambulatory Practice Records
Conclusion
4. Occupational Health and Safety in Veterinary Hospitals A close view shows a clinician giving anesthesia to a pet dog lying on a table.
Introduction
Safety
Objectives of a Safety Program
Your Safety Rights
Your Safety Responsibilities
The Leadership’s Rights
The Leadership’s Responsibilities
Working While Pregnant
General Workplace Hazards
Safety Starts With Healthy
Dressing Appropriately for the Job
Save Your Back!
Clean Up After Yourself
Everything in Its Place
Beware of Break Times
Machinery and Equipment
Electrical
Fire and Evacuation
Natural Disasters
Do Not Become a Victim of Violence
Hazardous Chemicals: Right to Know
Special Chemicals
Mercury Thermometers
Ethylene Oxide
Formalin
Glutaraldehyde
Cryogenic Materials
Medical and Animal-Related Hazards
Noise
Bathing, Dipping, and Spraying Areas
Zoonotic Diseases
Viral Infections
Bacterial Infections
Fungal Infections
Internal Parasites
External Parasites
Nonzoonotic Diseases
A Dirty Mouth? Precautions for Dentistry Operations
Radiology
Anesthesia
Compressed Gases
Sharps and Medical Waste
Hazardous Drugs and Pharmacy Operations
Summary
Part 2. Patient Management and Nutrition
5. Animal Behavior A close view shows two kittens lying on a bed.
Introduction to Behavior and Motivation
The Roles of Professionals in Behavior
Veterinarians and Behavior
Veterinary Technicians and Behavior
Behavior Consultants and Trainers and Behavior
How Animals Learn
Classical Conditioning
Before Conditioning
During Conditioning
Result of Conditioning
Desensitization and Counterconditioning
Desensitization and Counterconditioning: Combinations
Sensitization
Habituation
Operant Conditioning
Positive Reinforcement
Negative Reinforcement
Negative Punishment
Positive Punishment
Possible Problems With Punishment
Behavior Modification
Management
The ABC of Behavior
Animal Development
Canine and Feline Development
Equine Development
Cattle and Small Ruminant Development
Communication Body Language
Canine Body Language
Relaxed Dog
Mildly Stressed Dog
Moderately Stressed Dog
Severely Stressed Dog
Feline Body Language
Relaxed Cat
Mildly Stressed Cat
Moderately Stressed Cat
Severely Stressed Cat
Equine Body Language and Communication
Communication and the Senses
Relaxed Horse
Mildly Stressed Horse
Moderately Stressed Horse
Severely Stressed Horse
Cattle Body Language
Relaxed Cattle
Mildly Stressed Cattle
Moderately Stressed Cattle
Severely Stressed Cattle
Small Ruminant Body Language
Relaxed Sheep and Goats
Mild to Moderate Stress in Small Ruminants
Severe Stress in Small Ruminants
Meeting the Needs of Animals
Special Considerations for Horses
Meeting the Needs of Gregarious Animals
Common Unwanted Behaviors, Active Prevention, and Intervention
Pet Selection Counseling
Common Unwanted Behaviors of Dogs and Cats
Unwanted Elimination: Dogs
Housetraining
Unwanted Elimination: Cats
Housetraining
Litter Box Preferences
Urine Marking
Destructive Behavior in Dogs
Destructive Behavior in Cats
Preventable Aggressive Behavior in Dogs and Cats
Aggression During Play
Fear and Aggression
Medical Treatment of Fear and Anxiety in Dogs and Cats
Common Equine Behavior Concerns
Training Techniques
Aggression Among Horses
Human-Directed Aggression
Repetitive Behaviors
Common Cattle Behavior Concerns
Human-Directed Aggression
Buller Steer Syndrome
Milking Avoidance
Small Ruminant Behavior Concerns
Rejection of Young
Behavior Emergencies
Canine and Feline
Equine and Large Animals
Learning in the Veterinary Setting
Safety Considerations
Reducing Patient Stress and Anxiety in Veterinary Practices
Fear Free Fundamentals
The FAS Score
Considerate Approach
Touch Gradient
Thoughtful Control of the Patient
Factors of Gentle Control
Happy Visits and Victory Visits
Behavior and the Emotional Medical Record
6. Restraint and Handling of Animals A close view of a person's hand holding a tortoise. The thumb rests on the shell, while the other fingers support the tortoise from underneath.
Introduction
Minimizing Stress
Animal Stabilization and Restraint
Preparing for the Visit
Greetings and First Impressions
First Interactions
Patient-Handling Fundamentals
Moving and Transferring Dogs
Moving and Transferring Cats
Escaped Animals
Stabilization and Restraint for Common Procedures
Family Presence During Veterinary Care
Relaxed or Mildly Stressed Dogs and Cats (FAS 0–3)
Standing or Sitting Positions
Sternal, Lateral, and Dorsal Recumbency
Mildly and Moderately Stressed Patients (FAS 2–3)
Standing or Sitting Positions
Canine: Standing to Lateral Recumbency
Moving into Lateral Recumbency: Step by Step
Canine: Standing to Dorsal Position
Feline: Standing or Sitting Positions
Feline: Standing to Lateral Recumbency
Feline: Standing to Dorsal Position
Severely Stressed Patients (FAS 4–5)
Special Equipment for Animal Handling
Muzzles
Cat Bags
Towels and Blankets
Gloves
Scruffing Feline Patients
Medical Treatment of Fear, Anxiety, and Stress
Talking About Medical Treatment of FAS With Clients
An Introduction to Herd Animals
Introduction
Flight Zone and Point of Balance
Keeping Animals Calm
Effects of Novelty
Making a New Experience Positive
Introduction to Equine Restraint
Safely Working with Horses
Approach
Restraint Techniques and Devices
Foal and Young Horse Handling and Restraint
Chemical Restraint
Other Forms of Restraint
Trailering
Equine Restraint: Special Circumstances for Specific Procedures
Capture and Restraint of Cattle
The Approach
Low-stress Handling
Capture
Restraint Techniques and Devices
Additional Head Restraint
Tail Restraint
Foot Control and Restraint
Casting Cows
Capture and Restraint of Swine
Observation
Approach
Capture and Restraint Techniques
Pet Pigs
Capture and Restraint of Small Ruminants
Observation
Approach
Capture
Individual Restraint
Restraint Techniques for Camelids
Capture and Restraint of Avian and Exotic Species
Restraint of Avian Species
Psittacines
Passerines
Birds of Prey
Restraint of Small Mammals
Rabbits
Guinea Pigs and Chinchillas
Ferrets
Hamsters, Mice, Hedgehogs, Sugar Gliders, and Gerbils
Restraint of Reptiles
Lizards
Snakes
Turtles and Tortoises
Acknowledgments
7. History and Physical Examination A pair of hands palpate the pulse on the side of the calf’s face, near the jawline. The calf wears a halter.
Introduction
History and Physical Examination of Small Animals
History
The Role of the Veterinary Technician
The Information
Physical Examination
Documenting the Information
The SOAP Documentation
Temperature, Pulse, and Respiration
Systems Review
History and Physical Examination of Large Animals
History
Owner/Agent Information
Signalment of the Animal
Individual History and Chief Complaint
Medication and Treatment History
Herd Health History
Physical Examination of Large Animals
Physical Examination of the Equine
Physical Examination of Ruminants
Subjective:
Objective:
Assessment (prioritized technician evaluations, with rationale):
Plan (prioritized technician evaluations, with interventions):
8. Preventive Health Programs A close view shows a pair of hands administering an injection on a cat’s left hind upper leg.
Introduction
Preventive Health Programs for Dogs and Cats
Lifelong Wellness
Wellness in Puppies and Kittens
Wellness in Adult Dogs and in Adult and Mature Cats
Senior and Geriatric Animal Wellness
Physical Examination Findings
Grooming
Immunity
Active Immunity Versus Passive Immunity
Vaccine Types
Storage, Reconstitution, and Dosing
Routes of Administration
Core Versus Noncore Vaccines
Onset and Duration of Immunity
Feline Immunizations
Canine Immunizations
Adverse Vaccine Events
Parasite Prevention
Preventive Health Program for Horses
Physical Examination
Vaccinations
Tetanus Vaccines
Western, Eastern, and Venezuelan Encephalitis Vaccines
Equine Herpesvirus Vaccines
Equine Influenza Vaccines
Strangles Vaccines
Equine Viral Arteritis Vaccine
Potomac Horse Fever Vaccines
Botulism Vaccine
Anthrax Vaccine
Rabies Vaccines
West Nile Virus Vaccines
Spring
Summer
Fall
Winter
Parasites
Dental Care
Hoof Care
Nutrition
Preventive Health Programs for Livestock Species
Swine
Birth to Weaning
Growing Pigs
Breeding Animals
Cattle
Birth to Weaning
Growing Cattle
Breeding Animals
Small Ruminants: Sheep and Goats
Newborn and Growing Animals
The Breeding Herd
Summary
Acknowledgments
9. A hand holds a food bowl while a cat looks at the bowl. Animal Nutrition
Introduction
Basics of Nutrition
Energy
Energy Terms
Proteins
Carbohydrates
Fats
Vitamins
Minerals
Water
Palatability
Digestibility
Supplements
Nutritional Evaluation of Small Animals
Nutritional Assessment
Feeding Methods
Portion-Controlled (Meal) Feeding
Time-Restricted Feeding
Ad Lib (Free) Feeding
Nutritional Calculations
Body Condition Scoring
Muscle Condition Scoring
Cats and Nutrition
Feline Feeding Behaviors
Feline Metabolism
Unique Anatomic and Physiologic Features in the Cat
Key Nutritional Factors for Felines
Protein
Arginine
Taurine
Methionine and Cysteine
Fat Metabolism
Vitamin Metabolism
Water
Feeding Pets
Pet Food Labeling
Pet Food Assessment
Types of Pet Foods
Understanding Feeding Costs
Regulation of Pet Foods
Interpreting Pet Food Labels
Principal Display Panel
Information Panel
Guaranteed Analysis
Nutrient Content of Pet Foods
Nutritional Adequacy Statement
Pet Food Myths
By-products
Corn
Grain-free
Feeding Trials Are Not Necessary
Pet Food Preservatives Are Bad
Natural
Organic
Holistic
Raw
Life Stage Nutrition for Cats and Dogs
Gestation and Lactation
Feeding Puppies
Feeding Kittens
Feeding Adult Cats and Dogs
Feeding Mature and Elderly Cats and Dogs
Feeding Working and Performance Dogs
Feeding Overweight Cats and Dogs
Therapeutic Nutrition for Cats and Dogs
Assisted Feeding
Feeding Tube Options
Feeding Horses and Other Livestock
Equine
Nutritional Physiology
Key Nutritional Factors for Adult Horses
Types of Feed
Pediatric Equine Nutrition
Energy Requirement of Growing Horses
Critical Care Nutrition in Equines
Enteral Nutrition in Horses
Parenteral Nutrition in Horses
Nutritional Histories of Large Animal Patients
Pasture-fed Livestock
Hand-fed and Stall-fed Large Animals
Assessment of Nutritional Status
Cattle
Key Nutritional Factors in Cattle
Camelids
Key Nutritional Factors
Sheep and Goats
Key Nutritional Factors
Nutrition for Birds and Small Mammals
Avians
Feeding Small Mammals
Feeding Reptiles
10. A stallion teases a mare through a wooden partition, with his head beside the right lateral side of the mare’s abdomen. Animal Reproduction
Introduction
Overview of Female Reproduction
Overview of Male Reproduction
Canine Reproduction
Estrous Cycle
Breeding
Materials Needed
Obtaining the Sample
Pregnancy Diagnosis
Gestation
Parturition (Whelp)
Stage I
Stage II
Stage III
Dystocia
Feline Reproduction
Estrous Cycle
Gestation
Parturition
Dystocia
Equine Reproduction
Estrous Cycle
Estrus
Diestrus
Examination of the Reproductive Tract
Breeding
Gestation
Parturition
Stage I
Stage II
Stage III
Bovine Reproduction
General
Reproduction
Estrous Cycle
Breeding
Gestation
Parturition
Stage I
Stage II
Stage III
Small Ruminant (Sheep And Goat) Reproduction
Estrous Cycle
Breeding
Pregnancy Detection
Gestation
Camelid Reproduction
Breeding
Gestation
Parturition
Breeding Soundness Examination of the Male
General
Semen Analysis
Other Diagnostic Tests
Breeding Soundness Examination of the Female
Advances in Reproduction Biotechnology
Part 3. Clinical Sciences
11. A micrograph shows several rods and cocci bacteria on the surface and inside the degenerate neutrophil.Hematology and Cytology
Introduction
Hematology
Complete Blood Count
Automated Hematology Analyzers
Red Blood Cell Mass Evaluation
Red Blood Cell Count
Hemoglobin Concentration
Red Blood Cell Indices
Red Cell Distribution Width
Plasma Protein Concentration
White Blood Cell Count
Platelet Count
Preparation of Blood Smears
Blood Smear Evaluation
Interpretation
RBCs
Platelets
WBCs
Platelets
Red Blood Cells
White Blood Cells
Summary
Coagulation Testing
Cytology
Solid Tissue Masses and Enlarged Organs
Thoracic and Abdominal Effusions
Synovial (Joint) Fluid
Stains, Immunophenotyping by Flow Cytometry, and DNA-Based Testing
Submission of Samples to a Reference Laboratory
Otic Cytology
12. Four test tubes show serums of different colors in each. Clinical Chemistry, Serology, and Urinalysis
Introduction
Clinical Chemistry
Interpretation:
Preanalytical Factors
Analytical Factors
Chemistry Analyzers
Quality Control
Serology
Types of Serologic Tests
Urinalysis
Equipment and Collection
Color and Turbidity
Urine Specific Gravity
Chemical Evaluation
pH
Protein
Glucose
Ketones
Bilirubin
Blood or Heme
Microscopic Examination
Cellular Elements
Casts
Crystals
Microorganisms
Acknowledgments
13. A microscopic view of a flat and ribbon-like microorganism with a broader body and narrower ends.Parasitology
Introduction
Parasitic Diseases of Large and Small Animal Species and Public Health
Ectoparasites of Veterinary Importance
Ascarides (Mites and Ticks)
Sarcoptes scabiei
Otodectes cynotis
Demodex sp.
Cheyletiella parasitivorax
Trombicula species (Chiggers)
Ticks (Various Species)
History
Physical Examination of Puppy #1
Physical Examination of Puppy #2
Diagnostics
Diagnosis
Outcome
Treatment
Discharge
Analysis of the Case and Client Communication
Fleas
Ctenocephalides sp.
Lice
Pediculus sp.
Flies and Mosquitoes
Fly Strike
Cattle Bot Fly
Mosquitoes
Endoparasites of Veterinary Importance
Cestodes and Metacestodes of Veterinary Importance
Dipylidium caninum (Cucumber Seed Tapeworm, Double-Pored Tapeworm)
Echinococcus granulosus/Echinococcus multilocularis
Spirometra mansonoides
Nematodes—Roundworms of Zoonotic Importance
Toxocara canis, Toxocara cati, and Toxascaris leonina (Ascarids and Roundworms)
Baylisascaris procyonis—Neurologic Larva Migrans
Ancylostoma caninum, Ancylostoma braziliense, Ancylostoma tubaeforme, and Uncinaria stenocephala (Hookworms)
The HOT Complex
Trichuris vulpis (Whipworms)—Trichuriasis
Strongyloides stercoralis and Strongyloides cati; Aelurostrongylus abstrusus
Dirofilaria immitis
Enterobius vermicularis—Enterobiasis
Trematodes (Flukes) of Veterinary Importance
Fasciola hepatica
Pentastomids of Veterinary Importance
Pentastomes
Diagnosis and Identification of Ectoparasites
Collection and Preservation of Ectoparasites
Diagnostic Identification of Endoparasites
Collection of Fecal Samples
Small Animal Fecal Samples
Large Animal Fecal Samples
Examination of Fecal Samples
Gross Examination of Feces
The Microscope and the Fecal Examination
Microscopic Examination of Feces
Direct Smear Fecal Examination
Concentrated Methods for Fecal Examination
Standard Fecal Flotation
Centrifugal Flotation
Fecal Sedimentation
Magnesium Sulfate Solution (1.25 SG)
Sugar Solution (1.27 SG)
Zinc Sulfate Solution
Detection of Protozoans in Feces
Special Staining for Coccidian Parasites
Commercial Tests and Services
Sample Collection at Necropsy
Digestive Tract Necropsy
Shipping Parasitology Specimens
Miscellaneous Procedures for Detection of Endoparasites
Baermann Technique
Examination of Blood Samples
Concentration Techniques
Filter Techniques
Protozoans of Veterinary Importance
Giardia Species
Toxoplasma gondii
Cryptosporidium parvum
14. Close view shows a gloved hand holding a Petri plate having yellow media on left half and clear media on right half. A single colony with orange ring around a white center is in left half and a few fusiform tan colonies are in right half. Clinical Microbiology
Introduction
Microbiological Safety
Sample Collection and Preservation
Special Collection and Handling Procedures
Preservation and Shipping Procedures
Safety and Disposal
Direct Examination of Microbial Specimens
Microscopic Examination
Stain Types
Staining Procedures
Acid-Fast Staining Procedures
Bacterial Culture and Identification
Equipment and Supplies
Culture Media
Enrichment, Selective, and Differential Media
Inoculation of Media
Incubation Conditions
Routine Culture Systems
Primary Isolation Media
Preliminary Evaluation of Cultures
Recording, Interpreting, and Reporting Results
Identification Procedures
Biochemical Tests for Identification
Presumptive Identification
Definitive Identification
Commercial Identification Kits
Special Culture Procedures
Fecal Culture
Blood Cultures
Quantified Urine Cultures
Milk
Common Bacterial Species
Gram-Positive Cocci
Gram-Positive Rods
Gram-Negative Bacteria
Acid-Fast Bacteria
Anaerobes
Spirochetes and Curved Bacteria
Mycoplasma
Obligate Intracellular Organisms
Broth Dilution or Microbroth Dilution
Disk Diffusion (Kirby-Bauer Method)
Methods of Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing
History
Laboratory Results
Outcome
Conclusion
Fungal Culture (Mycology)
Safety
Standard Dermatophyte Culture
Specimen Collection and Media Inoculation
Microscopic Examination of Dermatophyte Cultures
Microscopic Appearance of Yeasts
Malassezia pachydermatis
Candida albicans
Coccidioides immitis
Cryptococcus neoformans
Blastomyces dermatididis
Sporothrix schenckii
Antigen-Antibody–Based Tests
Virology
Molecular Detection of Pathogens
DNA Sequencing
Polymerase Chain Reaction
Nosocomial Infections
Agents of Nosocomial Infections
Recognition and Control of Nosocomial Infections
15. A radiograph shows ventrodorsal view of an animal’s thorax with illuminated heart and ribcage. Diagnostic Imaging
Introduction
Radiology
Definition of X-rays
X-ray Production
X-ray Tube Components
Tube Housing
Glass Envelope
Cathode
Anode
Heel Effect
Tube Rating Chart
Scatter Radiation
X-ray Equipment
Portable Units
Mobile Units
Stationary Units
Producing an Image Using Exposure Factors
Milliamperage (mA)
Exposure Time
Kilovoltage (kVp)
Source Image Distance (SID)
Summary of Exposure Factors
Grids, Filtration, and Collimation
Technique Chart
Capturing the Image
Image Formation With Film Screen Systems
The Darkroom
Digital Radiography
Computed Radiography (CR)
Image Quality in Digital Radiography
Digital Radiography Artifacts
DICOM, RIS, PACS, and Teleradiology
Lucent Halo Around Metal Implants
Linear Striations Seen in the Background of the Image
Disappearance of Thin Tissues or Soft Tissues Surrounding Bone
Grainy Appearance (quantum mottle or noise)
Nonuniform Appearance of the Image (seen mostly with computed radiography [CR] systems)
Ghost Images
Fogging
White Spots
Radiographic Image Quality
Radiographic Density
Radiographic Contrast
Radiographic Detail
Geometric Distortion
Technical Errors and Artifacts
Answer
Follow-up
Increased Radiographic Density
Decreased Radiographic Density
Distorted or Blurred Radiograph
Miscellaneous Artifacts
Legal Records and Film Identification
Filing of the Radiograph
Radiation Safety
Radiation Exposure
Radiation Filtration
Radiation Measurement
Protection Practices
Positioning
Principles of Positioning
Patient Preparation and Restraint
Radiographic Contrast Agents
Positive Contrast Materials
Negative Contrast Materials and Double Contrast
Ultrasonography
Ultrasonography Basics
Indications
Precautions
Patient Preparation
Procedure
Ultrasound-tissue Interaction
Patient Preparation
Ultrasound Display Modes
The Ultrasound Image
Ultrasound Artifacts
Reverberation Artifact
Shadowing
Acoustic Enhancement
Refraction or Edge Artifact
Mirror Image Artifact
Slice-Thickness Artifact
The Ultrasound Examination
Clinical Use
Endoscopy
Endoscopy Use
Endoscope Care and Storage
Alternative Imaging Modalities
Fluoroscopy
Computed Tomography
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Nuclear Medicine (NM)
Nuclear Scintigraphy
Positron Emission Tomography
Acknowledgment
16. Two technicians in protective gloves and apron holding the legs of a horse carcass lying upside down on the examination table. All four legs of the horse are tied to a chain attached to a hooked link above.Basic Necropsy Procedures
Introduction
Necropsy
Necropsy Reports
Sample Collection for Laboratory Testing
Fixed Tissues
Fresh Tissues
Swabs
Whole Blood, Serum, Fluids, and Feces
Shipping Diagnostic Specimens
Facilities and Instruments
Necropsy Procedure for a Small Mammal
Preliminary Observation
External Examination
Reflections of Skin and Limbs and Examination of Superficial Organs and Body Cavities
Dissection (Opening Carcass)
Examination of Skull and Brain
Dissection and Examination of Neck and Thoracic Viscera
Dissection and Examination of Abdominal Cavity
Dissection and Examination of Female and Male Urogenital Tracts
Dissection and Examination of Abdominal Aorta, Rectum, and Anal Glands
Dissection and Examination of Vertebral Column and Spinal Cord
Necropsy Variations
Ruminants
Horse
Pig
Fetus
Birds
Laboratory Animals
Cosmetic Necropsies
Part 4. Medical Nursing
17. A veterinary assistant is holding a cat’s head on a table with one hand and its left hind leg with the other. Another veterinary assistant is holding the cat’s right hind leg with one hand and pressing on the right lateral saphenous vein with the index finger of the other hand.Diagnostic Sampling and Therapeutic Techniques
Introduction
Basic Guidelines
Sampling Techniques in the Small Animal
Blood Sample Collection
General Facts and Knowledge Regarding Venipuncture
Various Venipuncture Sites and Methods of Collection in Small Animals
Marginal Ear Vein and Venipuncture Technique
Cephalic Vein and Venipuncture Technique
Jugular Vein and Venipuncture Technique
Lateral Saphenous Vein and Venipuncture Technique
Medial Saphenous Vein and Venipuncture Technique
Arterial Blood Collection Sites and Techniques in Small Animals
Dorsal Pedal/Dorsal Metatarsal Artery Collection Techniques
Femoral Artery
Arterial Catheter Placement
Urine Sample Collection
Voided Collection
Manual Bladder Expression
Cystocentesis
Catheterization
Fecal Sample Collection
Administration of Medication in the Small Animal
Oral Administration
Orogastric Intubation
Transdermal Administration
Topical Ophthalmic Administration
Aural Administration
Intrarectal Administration
Intranasal Administration
Intradermal Administration
Subcutaneous Administration
Intramuscular Administration
Intravenous Administration
Intravenous Catheter Placement
Intravenous Catheter Maintenance
Intravenous Chemotherapy Administration
Ventrolateral Cystocentesis
Ventral Cystocentesis
History
Significant Physical Examination Findings
Veterinarian’s Orders
Nursing Care Plan
Calculation of Reb’s Fluid Therapy Plan
Diagnostic Test Results
Veterinarian’s Problem List
Veterinarian’s Second Set of Orders
Nursing Concerns and Plans
Outcome
Intratracheal Administration
Intraosseous Administration
Intraperitoneal (IP) Administration
Thoracocentesis
Materials Needed
Procedure
Abdominocentesis
Diagnostic Peritoneal Lavage
Materials Needed
Procedure
Transtracheal Wash
Percutaneous Technique
Sample Handling
Cytologic Sample Interpretation
Arthrocentesis
Joint Fluid Collection of Distal Joints in the Dog and Cat
Joint Fluid Analysis
Bone Marrow Aspiration
Iliac Aspiration
Humeral Aspiration
Femoral Aspiration
Fine-Needle Aspiration
Administration of Medication in the Large Animal
Oral Administration
Syringes
Balling Guns (Pilling)
Nasogastric and Orogastric Intubation
Nasogastric Intubation
Orogastric Intubation
Intravenous Administration
Equine
Bovine Intravenous Administration
Camelid
Ovine and Caprine
Porcine
Intramuscular Administration
Equine
Bovine
Ovine and Caprine
Porcine
Camelid
Subcutaneous Administration
Intradermal Administration
Intraperitoneal Administration
Equine
Bovine
Caprine and Ovine
Porcine
Intranasal Administration
Intramammary Administration
Topical Ophthalmic Administration
Epidural Administration
Equine
Bovine
Camelid
Ovine and Caprine
Porcine
Transdermal (Cutaneous, Topical) Administration
Intrasynovial Administration
Rectal Administration
Rectal Medications
Enema Administration
Sampling Techniques in the Large Animal
Venous Blood Sample Collection
Equine
Bovine
Camelid (Llama, Alpaca, Lamoid, South American Camelid)
Ovine and Caprine
Porcine
Arterial Blood Sample Collection (ABG)
Equine
Camelid
Bovine, Ovine, and Caprine
Urine Sample Collection
Equine
Camelid
Bovine
Ovine and Caprine
Porcine
Fecal Sample Collection
Milk Sample Collection
Sterile Milk Sample
Nonsterile Milk Sample
Colostrum Sample
Rumen Fluid Collection
Oral Gastric Tube (Orogastric Tube, Ororumen Stomach Tube) Method
Bovine
Small Ruminant
Rumenocentesis
Thoracocentesis (Thoracentesis, Pleurocentesis, Chest Tap, Pleural Tap)
Equine and Bovine
Camelid
Transtracheal Wash (Tracheal Wash, Trach Wash)
Equine Transtracheal Aspiration
Bronchoalveolar Lavage
Abdominocentesis (Abdominal Tap, Peritoneal Tap, Paracentesis, Belly Tap)
Equine Abdominocentesis
Equine Abdominocentesis (Foal)
Camelid Abdominocentesis (Adult)
Camelid Abdominocentesis (Neonatal)
Bovine Abdominocentesis (Adult)
Bovine Abdominocentesis (Neonatal)
Ovine and Caprine Abdominocentesis
Cerebrospinal Fluid Collection (Spinal Tap, CSF Tap)
Equine
Camelid
18. A close view of the hand of a veterinarian administering an injection on the neck of a dog that is under treatment in a facility. Small Animal Medical Nursing
Introduction
A Veterinary Technician Practice Model: The Nursing Process
Step 1: Assessment
Step 2: Planning
Step 3: Implementation
Step 4: Evaluation
Basic Patient Care
Medication Administration and Catheter Placement
Tube Management
Patient Monitoring
Client Education (Addressing Client Knowledge Deficit)
Client Support
The Medical Record
Small Animal Diseases
Respiratory Disease
Clinical Signs of Respiratory Disease
Physical Examination:
Nursing Care Plan
1. Constipation
2. Client knowledge deficit
Cardiovascular Disease
Heart Disease and Congestive Heart Failure
Heartworm Disease
Systemic Hypertension
Digestive and Hepatobiliary Diseases
Gastrointestinal Tract
Exocrine Pancreas
Hepatobiliary System
Urinary Disease
Acute Kidney Injury
Urolithiasis
Bacterial Cystitis
Feline Lower Urinary Tract Disease
Step 1: Assessment
Step 2: Planning—Identification and Prioritization of Nurse Evaluations
Step 3: Develop a Nursing Care Plan
Step 4: Reevaluate the Patient and Assess the Patient’s Response to Interventions
Environmental Modification
Pharmacologic Intervention for Severe/Recurrent Cases
Endocrine Disease
Hyperthyroidism
Hypothyroidism
Diabetes Mellitus
Hyperadrenocorticism
Hypoadrenocorticism
Immune-mediated Disease
Immune-mediated Hemolytic Anemia
Immune-mediated Polyarthritis
Acquired (Immune-mediated) Myasthenia Gravis
Infectious Disease
Nursing Care
Client Education
Small Animal Infectious Diseases
19. Large Animal Medical Nursing A veterinary technician holds the head of a cow in restraint and administers medicine.
Introduction
Equine Nursing
Physical Examination
Common Diseases and Conditions of Horses
Care of the Neonate
Diseases of the Gastrointestinal System
Colic
Enterocolitis
Gastric and Colonic Ulceration
Potomac Horse Fever
Choke
Chronic Weight Loss
Diseases of the Musculoskeletal System
Laminitis
Diseases of the Respiratory System
Bacterial Pneumonia and Pleuropneumonia
Equine Asthma
Strangles
Guttural Pouch Disease
Equine Rhinopneumonitis
Diseases of the Hemolymphatic System
Viral Arteritis
Equine Infectious Anemia
Anaplasmosis
Lyme Disease
Piroplasmosis
Diseases of the Cardiovascular System
Second-Degree Atrioventricular Block
Atrial Fibrillation
Diseases of the Neurologic System
Rabies
Viral Equine Encephalitis
Equine Protozoal Myelitis
Herpes
Wobbler Syndrome
Botulism
Tetanus
Ophthalmologic Diseases
Equine Recurrent Uveitis
Corneal Ulceration
Diseases of the Skin
Ringworm
Rain Rot
Culicoides Hypersensitivity
Sarcodes
Malignant Skin Masses
Pigeon Fever
Diseases of the Endocrine System
Pituitary Pars Intermedia Dysfunction (Equine Cushing Disease)
Diseases of the Urinary System
Acute Renal Failure
Polyuria/Polydipsia
Care of the Hospitalized Equine Patient
Biosecurity
Patient Monitoring
Supportive Care
Medication Administration
Intravenous Catheter Care
Feeding
Treatment Plan (by Veterinarian)
Nursing Care Plan
1 Altered Ventilation
2 Hypovolemia
3 Hyperthermia
4 Abnormal Eating Behavior
5 Exercise Intolerance
Comfort Care
Recumbency
Oxygen and Tracheostomy Monitoring
Plasma and Blood Transfusions
Integrative Medicine
Laboratory Diagnostics
Hematology
Serum Chemistry
Lactate
Blood Gas Analysis
Urinalysis
Evaluation of Body Fluids
Bacterial Culture and Susceptibility Testing
Polymerase Chain Reaction Testing
Summary
Food Animal Nursing
Common Diseases and Conditions of Ruminants
Care of the Neonate and Neonatal Diseases
Lambs and Kids
Calves
Diseases of the Digestive System
Pharyngeal Trauma and Abscessation
Rumen Indigestion
Grain Overload (Carbohydrate Engorgement, Lactic Acidosis)
Rumen Tympany (Bloat)
Traumatic Reticuloperitonitis
Salmonellosis
Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus
Johne Disease (Mycobacterium Paratuberculosis Infection)
Diseases of the Respiratory System
Bovine Respiratory Disease Syndrome
Aspiration Pneumonia
Ovine Progressive Pneumonia
Diseases of the Reproductive System/Mammary Gland
Mastitis
Retained Placenta (Fetal Membranes)
Metritis
Pseudopregnancy
Metabolic Disorders
Periparturient Hypocalcemia (Milk Fever)
Ketosis
Pregnancy Toxemia
Diseases of the Hemolymphatic System
Lymphosarcoma
Caseous Lymphadenitis
Copper Toxicity
Anthrax
Anaplasmosis
Diseases of the Cardiovascular System
Vegetative or Valvular Endocarditis
Pericarditis
Brisket Disease (Mountain Sickness)
Diseases of the Nervous System
Rabies
Scrapie
Tetanus
Polioencephalomalacia (Polio)
Listeriosis
Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis
Diseases of the Musculoskeletal System
Interdigital Necrobacillosis
Hoof Wall Deformities and Defects That Can Cause Lameness
Laminitis
Ophthalmologic Diseases
Infectious Keratoconjunctivitis (Pinkeye)
Ocular Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Diseases of the Urinary System
Pyelonephritis
Urolithiasis
Diseases of the Skin
Cutaneous Papillomas (Warts)
Dermatophytosis (Ringworm)
Contagious Ecthyma (Orf)
Common Diseases and Conditions of Swine
Care of the Neonate
Multisystemic Diseases
Erysipelas
Pseudorabies Virus (Aujeszky Disease, Mad Itch)
Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome
Diseases of the Gastrointestinal System
Diarrhea in Neonatal and Nursery Pigs
Diarrhea in Grower and Finisher Pigs
Diseases of the Respiratory System
Diseases of the Reproductive System
Porcine Parvovirus
Leptospirosis
Diseases of the Nervous System
Salt Toxicity
Diseases of the Musculoskeletal System
Porcine Stress Syndrome
Behavioral Disorders
Common Diseases and Conditions of Camelids
Health Maintenance
Care of the Neonate and Neonatal Diseases
Premature Crias
Diseases of the Digestive System
Metabolic Conditions
Hepatic Lipidosis
Heat Stress
Diseases of the Nervous System
Meningeal Worm (Parelaphostrongylus Tenuis)
20. A close view shows a large swelling on the side of a dog’s face. Veterinary Oncology
Introduction
Pathogenesis of Cancer
Hypoglycemia
Hypercalcemia
Erythrocytosis
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
Anemia
Hyperproteinemia
Fever
Cachexia
Neutrophilia
Hypertrophic Osteopathy
Classification, Staging, and Grading
Epidemiology of Cancer
Common Tumor Types
Lymphoma
Mast Cell Tumor
Osteosarcoma
Oral Tumors
Hemangiosarcoma
Other Sarcomas
Carcinomas
Clinical Signs
Diagnostics
Initial Database
Imaging
Cytology and Histology
Staging
Therapeutic Options
Surgery
Radiation
Chemotherapy
Safe Handling Practices
Administration
Decontamination and Waste Disposal
Side Effects and Adverse Reactions
Client Education
Oncology Patient Management Checklist
High Vesicant Potential
Low vesicant potential
Irritant
Patient Check
Drugs
Pharmacy
Setup
During Administration
After Administration
Palliative Treatment
Complementary, Alternative, and Integrative Medicine
Examples of Integrative Therapies
Quality of Life
Cancer in Horses
Fibromas
Melanoma and Melanocytoma
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Sarcoid
Cancer in Cattle
21. A close view of a foal in a stall with hay on the floor. Neonatal Care of Puppies, Kittens, and Foals
Introduction
Neonatology of Puppies and Kittens
Definition
History
Physical Examination
Normal Development
Diagnostics
Parasitology
Laboratory Skills
Routine Maintenance
Common Concerns and Disorders in Puppies and Kittens
Hypothermia
Dehydration
Hypoglycemia
Neonatal Isoerythrolysis in Kittens
Malnutrition
The Critical Neonate
Orphan Care
Neonatology of Foals
The Perinatal Period and the High-Risk Mare
The Neonatal Period: The Normal Foal
Routine Neonatal Therapy
Laboratory Evaluation
The Neonatal Period: The Sick Foal
Admitting the Critically Ill Foal
Monitoring and Nursing Care
Neonatal Foal Nutrition
Summary
22. Care of Birds, Reptiles, and Small Mammals A close view of a hand holding an iguana.
Introduction
Birds
Taking the Clinical History
The Physical Examination Process
Sample Collections and Procedures Commonly Used in Birds
Fecal Analysis
Cloacal Swab
Crop Sampling
Hematology/Phlebotomy
Radiography
Anesthesia and Analgesia
Administration of Medication to Birds
Gavage and Hand-Feeding
Grooming of Birds
Avian Nutrition
Managing the Hospitalized Avian Patient
Chlamydia psittaci Infection
Reptiles
Taking the Clinical History
Reptile Nutrition and UVB Radiation
Chelonians (Turtles, Terrapins, and Tortoises)
Snakes
Lizards
Sample Collection and Diagnostic Procedures
Fecal Sampling
Stomach Lavage
Urine Sampling
Skin Sampling
Phlebotomy
Radiography
Anesthesia and Analgesia
Husbandry and Treatments in the Hospital
Salmonella spp.
Small Mammals
Ferrets
Handling and Grooming
Phlebotomy
Anesthesia and Analgesia
Hospitalization Care
Nutrition
General Information and Common Presentations
Rabbits
Nutrition
Anesthesia and Analgesia
Intravenous Access
Common Presentations
Rodents
Antibiotic Therapy
Anesthesia and Analgesia
Antiparasitic Agents
Guinea Pigs
Hamsters
Gerbils
Rats
Chinchillas
Hedgehogs
Sugar Gliders
23. A veterinary technician glides the tip of a laser probe on the forelimb of a dog undergoing treatment. The probe is connected to a device placed on the bed. Rehabilitation and Integrative Medical Nursing
Introduction
Physical Rehabilitation
Clinical Indications
Exercise-Based Therapy
Therapeutic Exercises
Musculoskeletal
Neurologic
Other
Hydrotherapy
Land Treadmill
Manual Therapies
Massage
Passive Range of Motion
Electrical-Based Therapies
Neuromuscular Stimulation
Pulsed Electromagnetic Field Therapy
Light- and Sound-Based Therapies
Photobiomodulation
Therapeutic Ultrasound
Extracorporeal Shockwave
Superficial Thermal Therapy
Contraindications
Assistive Devices
Harnesses and Slings
Protective Devices
Braces, Orthotics, and Prosthetics
Wheelchairs
Acupuncture
Definition and Mechanisms of Action
Acupuncture Points
Methods of Stimulation
Clinical Indications
Cautions and Contraindications
Veterinary Spinal Manipulative Therapy
Pathophysiology
Treatment
Herbal Medicine
Nutraceuticals (Also Known as Supplements)
Glucosamine and Chondroitin
Omega-3 Fatty Acids
Perna Canaliculus
Polysulfated Glycosaminoglycans
Hyaluronic Acid
Summary
Part 5. Emergency and Critical Care
24. A dog lies on a bed with tubes connected to its nose. Fluid Therapy and Transfusion Medicine
Introduction
Fluid Therapy
Indications for Fluid Therapy
Body Fluid Compartments
Types of Intravenous Fluids
Crystalloids
Colloids
Specifics of Fluid Administration
Phases of Fluid Therapy
Routes of Administration
Resuscitation Phase
Replacement Phase
Maintenance Phase
Resuscitation Phase
Replacement Phase
Resuscitation Phase
Replacement Phase
Fluid Additives
Potassium
Dextrose
Sodium Bicarbonate
Total Sodium Bicarbonate Deficit
Preparing Isotonic Sodium Bicarbonate (typically used in foals and calves)
Monitoring Fluid Therapy
Resuscitation Phase
Replacement Phase
Complications of Fluid Therapy
Transfusion Medicine
Indications for Blood and Plasma Transfusion
Blood Donors
Pretransfusion Testing
Blood Typing
Antibody Screen
Cross Matching
Blood Collection
Blood Products
Blood Product Administration
Determination of Volume and Rate
Monitoring and Transfusion Reactions
History and Signalment
Initial Examination
Fluid Therapy and Transfusion Plan
25. A dog lying on a bed with a leg wrapped in a bandage securing taped drains. Emergency and Critical Care Nursing
Introduction
Emergency and Critical Care Nursing: Small Animal
Triage
Telephone Triage
In-Hospital Triage
Completing the Initial Triage Examination
Assessment of Hydration and Hypovolemia
Initial Diagnostics
The Secondary Survey
The Emergency Care Station and Resuscitation Area
Crash Cart
Shock and Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome
Advanced Emergency Techniques
Abdominocentesis
Thoracocentesis
Thoracic Drain Placement
Respiratory System Support and Oxygen Therapy
Cardiopulmonary Arrest
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
Basic Life Support
Advanced Life Support
Care of the Postarrest Patient
Patient Monitoring
Arterial Blood Pressure Monitoring
Care of the Recumbent Patient
Airway and Endotracheal or Tracheostomy Tube Care
Patient Comfort
Intravenous Catheter Monitoring and Care
Nutrition and Hydration
Ocular Care
Oral Care
Range of Motion
Urinary Catheter Placement and Care
Standards of Care and Emergency Protocols
Common Emergencies
Canine and Feline Electrocardiography
Principles of Electrocardiography
Acquisition of the Electrocardiogram
Basic Cardiac Conduction and Electrocardiography Waveforms
Indications for Electrocardiography
Electrocardiographic Analysis
Cardiac Arrhythmias
Normal Rhythms
Disturbances of Supraventricular Impulse Formation
Disturbances of Ventricular Impulse Formation
Disturbances of Impulse Conduction
Disturbances of Impulse Formation and Conduction
Escape Beats and Escape Rhythms
Emergency and Critical Care Nursing: Equine
Gastrointestinal Tract
General Physical Examination
Nasogastric Intubation
Abdominal Palpation per Rectum
Abdominal Ultrasonography
Abdominocentesis
Abdominal Radiography
Specific Conditions
Abdominal Exploration
Nasogastric (NG) Intubation
Standard Blood Work
Sedation
Intravenous (IV) Catheterization
Ultrasonography
Rectal Examination
Abdominocentesis
Respiratory Tract
General Physical Examination
Thoracic Ultrasonography
Radiography
Upper and Lower Airway Endoscopy
Thoracocentesis
Transtracheal Wash
Oxygen Administration
Tracheotomy
History and Signalment
Initial Physical Examination
Diagnostic Workup
Therapeutic Intervention
Outcome
Musculoskeletal System
Fractures
Soft Tissue Injury
Emergency and Critical Care Nursing: Food Animal
Patient Restraint and Safety
Considerations for Drug Use in Food-Producing Animals
Gastrointestinal System
General Physical Examination
Emergency Intervention
Specific Gastrointestinal Conditions
Emergencies Involving the Rumen
Rumen Fluid Analysis and Transfaunation
Respiratory System
Respiratory Distress
Tracheostomy
Musculoskeletal Injuries
Orthopedic Emergencies and Downer Animals
Fractures and Joint Luxation
Down Animals
Dog/Wild Animal Attacks
Dystocia and Obstetric Emergencies
Dystocia Box and Equipment
Examination
Epidural Anesthesia
Vaginal Delivery
Cesarean Section
Uterine Torsion
Small Ruminant Dystocia
Uterine Prolapse
Toxic Metritis and Toxic Mastitis
Urolithiasis in Small Ruminants
History and Physical Examination
Treatment
Acknowledgment
26. Colorful flowers blooming in an outdoor garden. Toxicology
Introduction
Managing Poison Emergencies
Assessment of the Patient’s Condition
Stabilization of Vital Functions
Decontamination
External Exposure
Ocular Exposure
Dermal Exposure
Oral Ingestion
Dilution
Emesis
Activated Charcoal
Cathartics
Enemas
Gastric Lavage
Enterogastric Lavage
Supportive Care
Household Hazards
Dangerous Food Items
Moldy Food
Chocolate
Onions
Macadamia Nuts
Yeast Bread Dough
Grapes and Raisins
Xylitol
Household Cleaning Agents
Acids
Alkalis
Bleach
Detergents
Miscellaneous Household Items
Zinc
Lead
Nicotine
Silica Gel Packets
Toilet Tank Drop-In Tablets
Glow-in-the-dark Products
Batteries
Ice/Snow Melts
Dangerous Plants
Rhododendron Species
Cardiac Glycoside–Containing Plants
Castor Beans
Cycad Palms
Lilies
Insoluble Calcium Oxalate–Containing Plants
Pesticides
Ant and Roach Baits
Flea/Tick Products
Methomyl
Molluscicides
Rodenticides
Anticoagulants
Bromethalin
Cholecalciferol
Zinc Phosphide
Antifreeze Products
Ethylene Glycol
Methanol
Propylene Glycol
Human Medications
Acetaminophen
Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs
Aspirin
Pseudoephedrine and Amphetamines
Isoniazid
Calcipotriene
5-Fluorouracil
Recreational Drugs
Marijuana
Cocaine
Ethanol
Methamphetamine
Acknowledgments
27. A pair of gloved hands holds an animal’s bandaged leg. Wound Management and Bandaging
Wound Healing
Phases of Wound Healing
Inflammatory (Lag)
Proliferative
Maturation
Factors Influencing Wound Healing
Patient Factors
Concurrent Treatment Factors
Wound Classification
Small-Animal Wound Management
Wound Management
Immediate Wound Care
Wound Debridement
Wound Closure
Wound Drainage
Wound Infection
Types of Wounds
Staged Surgical Debridement
En Bloc Excision
Mechanical
Biological
Primary Closure With Primary-Intention Wound Healing
Delayed Primary Closure
Secondary Closure
Second-Intention Wound Healing
Principles of Bandaging
Adherent Primary Layer
Nonadherent Primary Layer
Sugar, Honey, and Silver
Soft Tissue Wounds
Orthopedic Injuries
Bandage, Cast, Splint, and Sling Application in Small Animals
Distal Limb Bandages
Casts and Splints
Slings
Bandages for Other Locations
Aftercare for Bandages, Splints, Casts, and Slings
Large-Animal Wound Management
Wound Care in Horses
Preparing the Wound
Bandage, Splint, and Cast Application Techniques for Horses
Bandages
Splint Application
Cast Application
Cast Removal
Bandage, Splint, and Cast Application Techniques for Cattle
Application of a Claw Block
Modified Thomas Splint
Acknowledgments
Part 6. Anesthesia, Analgesia, and Pharmacology
28. Pharmacology and Pharmacy A cabinet arranged with various types of medicines and health products.
Introduction
Types of Drugs
Drug Nomenclature
Systemic Approach to Drug Classification
Antimicrobial Drugs
Antibacterial Drugs
Antifungal Drugs
Antiparasitic Drugs
Endoparasitic Drugs
Ectoparasitic Drugs
Endocrine Drugs
Thyroid Supplementation and Antithyroid Drugs
Drugs to Treat Adrenal Disease
Insulin
Gastrointestinal Drugs
Cardiovascular Drugs
Diuretics
Inotropic Agents
Antihypertensives
Antiarrhythmics
Anticoagulants
Respiratory Drugs
Anticonvulsants
Immunosuppressants
Anti-inflammatory Drugs
Dietary Supplements/Nutraceuticals
Drug Administration
Dosage Terminology
Basic Pharmacokinetics
Drug Absorption
Drug Distribution
Drug Metabolism
Drug Elimination
Basic Pharmacodynamics
Mechanism of Action
Side Effects and Adverse Drug Reactions
Impact of Disease on Drug Pharmacokinetics
Cardiovascular Disease
Kidney Disease
Liver Disease
Aging and Drug Pharmacokinetics
Regulatory Pharmacology
Drug Laws and Regulations
Extra-label Drug Use
Drug Residues and Withdrawal Times in Food-Producing Animals
Drug Compounding
The Veterinary Pharmacy
Drug Procurement
Drug Storage and Disposal
Prescribing and Dispensing Drugs
Prescription Writing
Drug Calculations
Converting Between Units of Measure
Calculating the Correct Drug Dose
Using Percent Solutions
Constant Rate Infusion
Metric System Conversions
Metric-to-English System Conversions
29. A close view of a veterinarian administering an injection on the gums of an animal while another technician secures the mouth in the open position. Pain Management
Introduction
The Role of the Veterinary Technician as a Patient Advocate
Communication
Patient Assessment
Signs of Pain
The Science of Pain Management
Is There a Purpose for Pain?
Cardiovascular System
Gastrointestinal System
Pulmonary System
Renal System
Metabolic System
Immune Function
Sleep Pattern
Physiology of Pain
Nociception and the Pain Pathway
Neuropathic Pain and Wind-Up Phenomenon
Treatment of Pain in Small Animals
Environmental and Emotional Care
Principles of Administering Analgesia
Administration of Analgesics and Analgesic Techniques
Take-home Analgesia with NSAIDs
Local and Regional Anesthetics
Opioids
α2-Agonists
Constant Rate Infusions
Nonpharmacologic Treatment Options
Treatment of Pain in Large Animals
Identifying and Anticipating Pain
Pre-emptive Pain Management
Postoperative Pain Management
Take-Home Pain Management
Pre-emptive Pain Management
Postoperative Pain Management
Take-Home Pain Management
Before Surgery
During Surgery
Postoperative Pain Management
Take-Home Pain Management
Treating Pain in Large Animals
Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs
Opioids
α2-Agonists
Local Anesthetic Drugs
Miscellaneous Agents
Joint Supplements and Chondroprotective Agents
Alternative and Complementary Therapy
Good Husbandry
General Signs of Pain
Additional Signs of Gastrointestinal (GI) Pain
Additional Signs of Musculoskeletal Pain
Other Signs of Pain (Horses Only)
Species-Specific Information
Horses
Cattle, Sheep, and Goats
Drug Residues in Meat and Milk
Camelids
Pigs
Summary
30. Veterinary Anesthesia
Introduction
What Is Anesthesia?
Patient Preparation
Fasting Recommendations
Patient Stabilization
Physical Status Classification
Anesthetic Plans
Agonists, Partial Agonists, Mixed Agonist-Antagonists, and Antagonists
Anticholinergics
Tranquilizers and Sedatives
Phenothiazine Tranquilizers
Benzodiazepine Tranquilizers
Alpha2 Adrenergic Drugs
Opioids
Propofol
Alfaxalone
Dissociatives
Etomidate
Guaifenesin
Barbiturates
Inhalant Anesthetics
Halogenated Anesthetics
Anesthesia Equipment
Endotracheal Tubes
Laryngoscopes
Supraglottic Airway Devices
Masks
Anesthetic Chambers
The Anesthesia Machine
Preparing the Machine
Machine Assembly
Checking for Leaks
Setting the Pop-off Valve
Carrier Gas Supply
Oxygen Flow Rates for Small Animals, Foals, Calves, and Small Ruminants
Chamber and Mask Inductions
Rebreathing Systems
Nonrebreathing Systems (used only for patients weighing 7 kg or less)
Oxygen Flow Rates for Large Animals
Rebreathing Systems Note: rebreathing systems are only used in LA patients
Anesthetic Vaporizers
Precision Vaporizers
Vaporizer Inlet Port and Outlet Port and the Fresh Gas Inlet
Breathing Circuits
Rebreathing Circuit Parts
Scavenging System
Maintenance of the Anesthesia Machine
Principles of Endotracheal Intubation
Selecting a Tube
Preparing the Tube
Intubation Procedures
Intubation Procedure for Small Animals
Intubation Procedure for Horses
Intubation Procedure for Adult Cattle
Intubation Procedure for Small Ruminants and Small or Young Cattle
Checking for Proper Placement
Cuff Inflation
Laryngospasm
Complications of Intubation
Cuff Not Inflated/Underinflated
Tube Diameter Too Small
Cuff Overinflated/Tube Diameter Too Large
Tube Too Long
Tube Too Short
Overzealous Intubation
Tube Kinked or Obstructed
Tube Not Removed Before Return to Consciousness
Tube Not Cleaned and Disinfected
Monitoring the Anesthetized Patient
Stages and Planes of Anesthesia
Stage I—Period of Voluntary Movement
Stage II—Period of Involuntary Movement
Stage III—Period of Surgical Anesthesia
Stage IV—Period of Anesthetic Overdose
Principles of Monitoring
Vital Signs
Indicators of Circulation
Indicators of Oxygenation
Indicators of Ventilation
Reflexes and Other Indicators of Depth of Anesthesia
Response to Surgical Stimulation
Monitoring Equipment
Mechanical Indicators of Circulation
Mechanical Indicators of Oxygenation
Mechanical Indicators of Ventilation
Small-animal Anesthesia
Selecting a Protocol
Transmission Probes
Reflective Probes
Equipment Preparation
The Preanesthetic Period
Induction of Anesthesia
Intravenous Induction
Intramuscular Induction
Mask Induction
Chamber Induction
Maintenance of Anesthesia
Patient Positioning, Comfort, and Safety
Recovery From Anesthesia
Preparation for Recovery
Monitoring During Recovery
Signs of Recovery
Extubation
The Postanesthetic Period
Equine Anesthesia
Selecting a Protocol
Equipment Preparation
The Preanesthetic Period
Induction of Anesthesia
Intravenous Induction
Maintenance of Anesthesia
Recovery From Anesthesia
Preparation for Recovery
Monitoring During Recovery
Signs of Recovery
Extubation
The Postanesthetic Period
Ruminant Anesthesia
Selecting a Protocol
Preanesthetic Fasting
Equipment Preparation
The Preanesthetic Period
Induction of Anesthesia
Intravenous Induction
Maintenance of Anesthesia
Recovery From Anesthesia
Preparation for Recovery
Monitoring During Recovery
Signs of Recovery
Extubation
The Postanesthetic Period
Manual and Mechanical Ventilation
Anesthetic Problems and Emergencies
Inadequate or Excessive Oxygen Flow
Saturation of Carbon Dioxide Absorbent Granules
A Patient That Will Not Stay Asleep
Excessive Depth of Anesthesia
Apnea and Hypoventilation
Hypotension
Cyanosis or Low Oxygen Saturation
Vomiting or Regurgitation
Prolonged Recovery
Rough Recovery
Part 7. Surgical Nursing
31. A close view of the gloved hand of a veterinary surgeon cleaning a surgical site with a sterile liquid and gauze sponge. Surgical Instruments and Aseptic-like Technique
Introduction
Instrumentation
General Surgery Instruments
Scalpel
Electrosurgery
Biomedical Lasers and Laser Safety
Scissors
Needle Holders
Thumb Forceps
Tissue Forceps
Hemostatic Forceps
Retractors
Suction Tips
Stapling Equipment
Vascular Sealing Devices
Ophthalmic Instruments
Orthopedic Instruments
Periosteal Elevators
Rongeurs
Curettes
Bone-Holding Forceps
Osteotomes and Chisels
Gigli Wire
Trephines and Jamshidi Needles
Power Equipment
Orthopedic Implants
Bone Pins
Interlocking Nails
Orthopedic Wire
External Fixators
Bone Screws
Bone Plates
Total Hip Prosthesis
Arthroscopic Instruments and Equipment
Arthroscope
Ancillary Arthroscopic Equipment
Fluid Delivery Systems
Hand Instruments for Arthroscopic Surgery
Laparoscopic Instruments and Equipment
Laparoscope
Laparoscopic Trocars and Cannulas
Instrument Packs
Instrument Care
Drapes and Gowns
Aseptic Technique
Physical Methods of Sterilization
Filtration
Radiation
Heat
Chemical Methods of Sterilization
Ethylene Oxide
Hydrogen Peroxide Gas Plasma
Chemical Disinfection
Antiseptic and Disinfectant Compounds
Sterilization of Arthroscopic/Laparoscopic Equipment
Operating Room Preparation
Small Animal Patient Preparation
Skin Preparation—Surgical Clip
Skin Preparation—Surgical Scrub
Small Animal Positioning
Equine Patient Preparation
Patient Positioning
Skin Preparation
Surgical Team Preparation
Attire
Hand Scrub
Gowning and Gloving
Maintaining Sterility
The Patient
Opening Sterile Items
Acknowledgments
32. A gloved hand holds the working end of a pair of scissors and gives it to another gloved hand that is widely open. Surgical Assistance and Suture Material
Introduction
General Concepts in Veterinary Surgical Assisting
Role of the Surgical Assistant
Preoperative Preparation
Preparation of the Surgical Patient
Assessment of Clipping and Surgical Scrub
Positioning and Draping
Operating Room Sterility
Surgical Instruments and Instrument Table Organization
Intraoperative Techniques and Duties
Surgical Lighting
Instrumentation Cords and Tubing
Scalpel Use
Instrument Passing
Retraction
Hemostasis
Suture Cutting
Lavage and Suction
Camera Manipulation
Tissue Manipulation, Retraction, and Organ Positioning
Skin
Abdomen
Thorax
Musculoskeletal System
Vascular and Nervous Systems
Surgical Implants
Permanent
Temporary
Suture Material
Considerations When Choosing Suture
Wound Type
Construction
Size and Strength
Handling
Knot Security
Suture Classification and Examples
Absorbable
Nonabsorbable
Suture Needles
Suture Placement and Removal
Postoperative Management
Surgical Assisting for Equine Patients
Draping for Abdominal Surgery
Draping for Orthopedic Surgery
Instrument Setup and Handling
Tissue Handling Techniques
Hollow Organ Surgery
Bone and Joints
Retraction Techniques
Hemostasis
Suture Materials Used in Horses
33. A clinician’s gloved hands position a scalpel blade on the top side of an animal's claw, between two phalanges. Small Animal Surgical Nursing
Introduction
Preoperative Patient Assessment
Surgical Preparation and Animal Positioning
Perioperative Antibiotics
Indications for Prophylactic Antibiotics
Monitoring
Blood Loss
Hypothermia
Pain
Incision Evaluation
Suture Removal
Bandage Care
Drain Care
Restraint
Common Surgical Procedures
Elective Versus Nonelective Surgery
Tail Docking and Dewclaw Removal in Puppies
Definition
Indications
Preoperative Considerations
Technique and Intraoperative Considerations
Tail Docking
Dewclaw Removal
Postoperative Considerations
Tail Docking and Dewclaw Removal in the Adult Dog
Indications
Preoperative Considerations
Technique and Intraoperative Considerations for Dewclaw Removal in the Adult Dog
Technique and Intraoperative Considerations for Tail Amputation in the Adult Dog
Postoperative Considerations
Feline Onychectomy
Definition
Indications
Preoperative Considerations
Technique and Intraoperative Considerations
Postoperative Considerations
Celiotomy
Definition
Indications
Preoperative Considerations
Technique and Intraoperative Considerations
Postoperative Considerations
Gastrointestinal Surgery
Definition
Indications
Preoperative Considerations
Technique and Intraoperative Considerations
Postoperative Considerations
Gastric Dilatation-Volvulus
Definition
Preoperative Considerations
Technique and Intraoperative Considerations
Postoperative Considerations
Ovariohysterectomy in Dogs and Cats
Definition
Indications
Preoperative Considerations
Diagnostic Tests and Findings
Veterinarian’s Treatment Orders
Technique and Intraoperative Considerations
Postoperative Considerations
Pyometra
Definition
Indications
Preoperative Considerations
Technique and Intraoperative Considerations
Postoperative Considerations
Canine Castration
Definition
Indications
Preoperative Considerations
Technique and Intraoperative Considerations
Postoperative Considerations
Feline Castration
Definition
Indications
Preoperative Considerations
Technique and Intraoperative Considerations
Postoperative Considerations
Cesarean Delivery
Definition
Indications
Preoperative Considerations
Technique and Intraoperative Considerations
Postoperative Considerations for the Neonate
Postoperative Considerations for the Dam
Cystotomy
Definition
Indications
Preoperative Considerations
Technique and Intraoperative Considerations
Postoperative Considerations
Urethrostomy
Definition
Indications
Preoperative Considerations
Technique and Intraoperative Considerations
Postoperative Considerations
Hernias
Umbilical Hernia
Definition
Preoperative Considerations
Technique and Intraoperative Considerations
Postoperative Considerations
Inguinal Hernia
Definition
Preoperative Considerations
Technique and Intraoperative Considerations
Postoperative Considerations
Diaphragmatic Hernia
Definition
Preoperative Considerations
Technique and Intraoperative Considerations
Postoperative Considerations
Lumpectomy
Definition
Indications
Preoperative Considerations
Technique and Intraoperative Considerations
Postoperative Considerations
Removal of Mammary Neoplasia
Definition
General Information and Indications
Technique and Intraoperative Considerations
Postoperative Considerations
Amputation
Definition
Indications
Preoperative Considerations
Technique and Perioperative Considerations
Postoperative Considerations
Care of the Neurologic Patient
Surgical Technique and Perioperative Considerations
Postoperative Considerations
Orthopedic Surgery
Long Bone Fractures
Preoperative Considerations
Intraoperative Considerations
Postoperative Considerations
Joints
Preoperative Considerations
Intraoperative Considerations
Postoperative Considerations
Client Education
Guidelines for Discharge Instructions
34. Large Animal Surgical Nursing A surgical team operates on a stallion positioned on its back with its belly exposed. The front and hind legs are raised and covered with sterile drapes.
Introduction
Surgical Nursing of Horses
Preoperative Preparation
Intraoperative Nursing
Postoperative Nursing
Surgical Considerations
Abdominal Surgery
Colic
Hernia Repair
Urogenital Tract Surgery
Umbilical Repair
Castration
Ovariectomy
Perineal Surgery
Caslick Procedure
Dystocia: Fetotomy and Cesarean Section
Uterine Torsion and Rupture
Musculoskeletal Surgery
Lameness
Fracture Stabilization
Arthroscopic Surgery
Weak Flexor Tendons and Flexural Deformities
Angular Limb Deformities
Tendonitis
Laminitis
Subsolar Abscess
Impinged Dorsal Spinous Processes
Poll Evil and Fistulous Withers
Cribbing
Enucleation
Lacerations and Puncture Wounds
Upper Respiratory Tract Surgery
Laryngeal Hemiplegia
Arytenoid Chondritis
Epiglottic Entrapment
Sinusitis
Surgical Nursing of Food Animals
Preoperative Nursing
Interoperative Nursing
Postoperative Nursing
Drug Withdrawal and Extra-label Use
Surgical Considerations
Laparotomies
Rumenotomy
Cesarean Section
Abomasal Displacements and Volvulus
Traumatic Reticuloperitonitis
Urogenital Surgery
Castrations
Urolithiasis
Vaginal and Uterine Prolapse
Preputial Prolapse
Lacerations
Lacerations
Oral Lacerations
Teat Lacerations
Perineal Lacerations
Musculoskeletal System
Lameness
Interdigital Hyperplasia
Claw Amputation
Head and Neck Surgeries
Entropion
Dehorning
Tusk Trimming
35. A close view of a dog’s lower jaw shows the canine teeth positioned closer to each other at their base. There are dark brownish discolorations on the oral cavity. Veterinary Dentistry
Introduction
Ethical and Legal Aspects
Dental Morphology
Dog
Cat
Horse
Occlusion
Incisors
Canines
Premolars
Carnassial Teeth
Molars
Oral Examination and History
Extraoral Examination
Intraoral Examination
Dental Radiography
Equipment
Digital Radiography
Exposure and Positioning Errors
Techniques
Radiographic Interpretation
Periodontal Disease
Periodontal Debridement
Power Scaling
Sonic Scaler
Ultrasonic Scaler
Safety Precautions
Tip Designs
Energy Dispersion
Types of Ultrasonic Scalers
Knob Settings and Safety
Hand Scaling
Supragingival Instruments
Subgingival Curettes
Principles of Scaling
Sharpening
Polishing
Regional Nerve Blocks for Oral Surgery in Dogs and Cats
Infraorbital Nerve Block
Middle Mental Nerve Block
Inferior Alveolar Nerve Block
Maxillary Nerve Block
Periodontal Surgery
Home Care
Exodontics
Closed Extractions
Surgical Extractions
Advanced Dental Procedures
Endodontics
Restorative Dentistry
Specific Conditions in Dogs and Cats
Tooth Resorption
Orthodontic Problems
Malocclusions
Impressions and Models
Interceptive Orthodontics
Base-narrow or In-standing Mandibular Canine Teeth
Dental Trauma
Oral Neoplasia
Stomatitis
Masticatory Myositis
Jaw Fractures
Equine Dentistry
Dental Anatomy and Physiology
Common Dental Problems of Horses
Part 8. End of Life
36. Geriatric and Hospice Care: Supporting the Aged and Dying Patient A close view of a horse’s left eye.
Geriatric Dogs and Cats
Introduction
The Aging Process
When Are Dogs and Cats Considered to Be Senior or Geriatric?
Physiologic Changes Associated With Aging
Effects of Aging on Organ Systems
Cardiopulmonary System
Integumentary System
Immune and Endocrine System
Gastrointestinal System
Hepatobiliary Changes With Age
Oral Cavity
Renal and Urinary Systems
Nervous System
Musculoskeletal System
Cognitive Impairment and Other Behavioral Issues
Signs of Cognitive Impairment
Quality of Life
Management Strategies to Improve Quality of Life
Other Considerations for Geriatric Pets
Geriatric Wellness Programs
Nutrition
Anesthesia
Hospice and Palliative Care
Special Nursing Considerations
Nursing Care
Companion Animal Death and Dying
Geriatric Horses
Physical Examination
Common Problems in Aging Horses
Oral and Nasal Health
Vision
Cardiac Disease
Respiratory Disease
Gastrointestinal Disease
Kidney Disease
Skin Disorders
Neurologic Abnormalities
Orthopedic Disease
Chronic Diseases of the Geriatric Horse
Pituitary Pars Intermedia Dysfunction
Heaves (Recurrent Airway Obstruction or Equine Asthma)
Laminitis (Founder)
Dental Problems and Sinusitis
Equine Recurrent Uveitis (Moon Blindness)
Neurologic Deficits
Musculoskeletal Conditions
Management, Nutrition, and Nursing Care of the Geriatric Horse
End-of-Life Issues
37. A woman holds a puppy in her arms and kisses it. The Human-Animal Bond and Euthanasia
Introduction: The Human-animal Bond
Bond-centered Care
The Interdisciplinary Team
Paradigm Shifts
The Veterinary Technician’s Roles Before, During, and After Euthanasia
Education and Communication
Advance Directives
Discussing Euthanasia
Discussing Natural Death
Medical Care
Preparation for Euthanasia
Assisting With and Performing Euthanasia
Preparing the Pet’s Body for Aftercare
Advocacy
Decisions: Goals of Care, Euthanasia, and Natural Death
Quality of Life and the Will to Live
Suffering
Ethical Considerations
Convenience
Shelter and Research Situations
Welfare
Behavior
Euthanasia: An Experience, Not a Procedure
Euthanasia: The Art of Providing a Good Death
Common Methods
Small-animal Protocols
Steps
Large-animal Considerations and Protocols
Safety
Steps
Dysthanasia
Handling the Unexpected
Establishing Protocols and Training Staff
Hospice-supported Natural Death
Deep Questions
Signs of Active Dying and Caring for the Dying Patient
Aftercare and Memorialization
Burial
Cremation
Water-based Cremation
Return to the Elements
Honoring the Death and Nurturing the Memory
Grief and Loss: Human and Animal Perspectives
Anticipatory Grief
“Normal” Grief
Emotional Responses to Loss
Complicated Grief
Disenfranchised Grief
Partnering With the Grieving Client
Clients:
Animals’ Understanding of and Responses to Death
The Critical Need for Self-care and Mental Health Support
Moral Injury and Burnout
Trauma Exposure and Compassion Fatigue
Summary: Key Points
Glossary
Index
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