Cutaneous Innervation

List of Contributors

Introduction

Chapter 1 The Pattern of Cutaneous Innervation of the Human Hand, Foot and Breast

I. Introduction

II. Methods of Study

III. Observations

A. The Pattern of Cutaneous Innervation of the Hand

B. The Pattern of Cutaneous Innervation of the Human Foot

C. The Pattern of Cutaneous Innervation of the Human Breast

D. The Pattern of Innervation of the Deeper Tissues

IV. Discussion

V. Summary

VI. References

Chapter II Similarities in Cutaneous Nerve End-Organs

I. Introduction

II. The Histochemical Reactions

III. The Function of End-organs

IV. Comment

V. References

Chapter III The Autonomic Innervation of the Skin

I. General Discussion

II. References

Chapter IV Cholinesterases in the Cutaneous Nerves of Man

I. Introduction

II. Cholinesterase in Nerve Endings

III. The Nerves around the Cutaneous Glands

IV. The Nerves around Hair Follicles

V. Comments

VI. Summary

VII. References

Chapter V The Relation of Nerve Fiber Size to Modality of Sensation

I. Introduction

II. References

Chapter VI The Central Paths of the Afferent Impulses from Skin Which Arouse Sensation

I. Introduction

A. The Separation of Sensory Paths into Central Tracts

B. The Central Projections of the Sensory Systems

C. The Problem of Pain and Temperature Reception

D. Comparison of Somaesthetic and Visual Sensory Systems

E. The Large-Fiber System in the Mammalian Cortex

F. The Development of the Cortex as a Sensory Apparatus

G. Convergence of the Sensory Paths

II. References

Chapter VII Studies Related to the Mechanism of Common Sensibility

I. Introduction

II. Material and Methods

A. Anatomical

B. Physiological

III. Anatomical Observations

A. The Topography of the Ciliary Nerve Bundles

B. Fiber Content of "Long" and "Short" Ciliary Nerve Bundles

C. Number of Nerve Fibers Supplying the Cornea Counted at the Limbus

D. Number of Nerve Fibers 6ì and larger in "Long" and "Mixed" Ciliary Nerve Bundles

E. The Surface Areas of Cornea Served by the Various Types of Ciliary Nerve Bundles

IV. Physiological Observations

A. Activity Evoked in Whole "Long" Ciliary Nerve Bundles by the Application of Various Stimuli to the Cornea

B. Activity Evoked in Teased Fractions of Fine "Long" Ciliary Nerve Bundles by Brushing and Heat Transfer

C. Activity Evoked in Teased Fractions of Fine "Long" Ciliary Nerve Bundles by Electrical Stimulation of the Cornea

D. Control Experiments

E. The Distribution, in the Cornea, of the Terminals Served by Nerve Fibers of Different Diameters

F. Anomalous Observations

V. Interpretation of Observations

VI. Discussion

VII. Acknowledgments

VIII. References

Chapter VIII Structures and Processes Involved in the Sensation of Itch

I. Introduction

II. Demonstration of Lowered Pain Threshold in Areas of Itching

III. The Qualities of Cutaneous Pain and Itch

A. Demonstration of Itching Sensation with a Burning Quality

B. Demonstration of an Itching Sensation with Pricking Quality

IV. Demonstration that Itch can be Abolished by Painful Pin Pricks within the Same Dermatome

V. Demonstration that a Zone of Secondary Hyperalgesia Is "Anti-Pruritic"

VI. Demonstration that Vasodilatation Is Accompanied by Lowered Pain Threshold and Spontaneous Itching

VII. Demonstration of Heightened Vulnerability in Zones of Vasodilatation

VIII. Demonstration of a Bradykinin-type Agent in Subcutaneous Perfusate Collected from Zones of Lowered Pain Threshold and Spontaneous Itching

IX. Comment

X. Demonstration that Activation of Sweat Glands Is Not a Required Step in Bradykinin Formation during Vasodilatation

XI. Demonstration that Central Nervous System Activity at the Highest Level Is Implicated in the Activation of Proteolytic Enzymes in the Periphery

XII. Comment

XIII. Summary and Conclusions

XIV. References

Chapter IX Pathophysiology of Itch Sensation

I. Pain and Itch

II. Itch and Protopathic Pain

III. Physiological and Pathological Pruritus

IV. Itching Hyperexcitability

A. Chronic Perianal Eczema with Reddening and Patchy Epidermal Thickening

B. Chronic Eczema of the Right Hand with Diffuse Reddening, Papules, Blisters, Irregularly Arranged Adherent Scales

V. Spontaneous Itch and Anatomical Changes

VI. The Site of Itch Terminals

VII. Vasomotor Fibers

VIII. Psychic Factors

IX. Summary

X. References

Subject Index