Control System Technology
- 1st Edition - January 1, 1982
- Imprint: Arnold
- Author: C. J. Chesmond
- Language: English
- Paperback ISBN:9 7 8 - 0 - 7 1 3 1 - 3 5 0 8 - 4
- eBook ISBN:9 7 8 - 1 - 4 8 3 1 - 8 3 2 9 - 9
Control System Technology focuses on the processes, methodologies, and techniques employed in control system technology, including digital computers, transducers, actuators, and… Read more
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Request a sales quoteControl System Technology focuses on the processes, methodologies, and techniques employed in control system technology, including digital computers, transducers, actuators, and amplifiers. The book first takes a look at classification, terminology, and definitions, displacement, reference, and velocity of transducers, and strain, force, torque, acceleration, load, and tension of transducers. Discussions focus on strain gauges and measuring bridges, other transducers for measuring force, torque, acceleration, and tension, displacement and velocity transducers, natural control systems, classification of control systems, and generalized single loop continuous feedback control system. The monograph examines electric amplifiers and final control elements, hydraulic and pneumatic amplifiers and final control elements, flow control valves, actuators and positioners, and signal and data conversion. The publication also ponders on interfacing control systems to digital computers, control system performance and commissioning, and experimental testing of plant, system elements, and systems. The manuscript is a valuable reference for engineers and researchers interested in control system technology.
1. Classification, Terminology and Definitions
1.1 Natural Control Systems
1.2 History
1.3 The Future
1.4 Generalised Single Loop Continuous Feedback Control System
1.5 Classification of Control Systems
1.6 Choice of System Hardware
2. Transducers - Displacement, Reference and Velocity
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Displacement Transducers
2.2.1 Servo Potentiometers
2.2.2 Differential Inductors and Transformers
2.2.3 Capacitive Displacement Transducers
2.2.4 Synchros
2.2.5 Resolvers
2.2.6 The Inductosyn
2.2.7 Shaft Encoders
2.2.8 Diffraction Gratings
2.2.9 Coarse-Fine (Dual-Speed) Measuring Systems
2.2.10 On-Off Displacement Transducers
2.3 Reference Transducers
2.3.1 Potentiometric References
2.3.2 Synchro and Resolver Transmitters
2.3.3 Rotary Switch Networks
2.4 Velocity Transducers
2.4.1 DC Tachogenerator
2.4.2 AC Drag-Cup Tachogenerator
2.4.3 AC Signal Alternator
2.4.4 Digital Velocity Transducers
2.4.5 Bridges to Measure Back-E M F
3. Transducers - Strain, Force, Torque, Acceleration, Load and Tension
3.1 Strain Gauges and Measuring Bridges
3.1.1 Strain Gauges
3.1.2 Strain Gauge Bridges
3.2 Use of Strain Gauges in Transducers
3.2.1 Force Transducers
3.2.2 Torque Transducers
3.2.3 Acceleration Transducers
3.2.4 Pressure Transducers
3.2.5 Load Cells
3.3 Other Transducers for Measuring Force, Torque, Acceleration and Tension
3.3.1 Force, Torque and Acceleration Transducers
3.3.2 Tension Transducers
4. Transducers - Temperature, Pressure, Flow, Level, Density, pH, Humidity, Moisture and Thickness
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Transmitters
4.3 Temperature Transducers
4.3.1 Thermocouples
4.3.2 Resistance Thermometers and Thermistors
4.3.3 The Filled-System Bourdon Tube
4.3.4 Semiconductor Temperature Transducers
4.4 Pressure Transducers
4.4.1 Manometers
4.4.2 Bourdon Tubes
4.4.3 Bellows
4.4.4 Diaphragms
4.5 Flow Transducers
4.5.1 Orifice, Venturi, Dall Tube and Nozzle
4.5.2 Rotameters
4.5.3 Magnetic Flowmeters
4.5.4 Turbine Meters
4.5.5 Pitot Tubes
4.5.6 Target Meters
4.5.7 Vortex Meters
4.6 Level Transducers
4.7 Density Transducers
4.7.1 Air Bubble Type
4.7.2 Displacement Type
4.7.3 Displacement U-Tube Type
4.7.4 Vibrating U-Tube Type
4.7.5 Radiation Type
4.8 pH Transducers
4.9 Humidity Transducers
4.9.1 The Hygrometer
4.9.2 The Wet and Dry Bulb Thermometer
4.9.3 The Dew Point Thermometer
4.10 Moisture Transducers
4.11 Thickness Transducers
5. Electric Amplifiers and Final Control Elements
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Preamplifiers
5.3 Transistor Power Amplifiers
5.4 High-Power Power Output Stages
5.4.1 DC Generators
5.4.2 Triac Networks
5.4.3 Converters
5.4.4 Inverters
5.4.5 Frequency Converters
5.5 The Use of Minor Negative Feedback Loops
5.5.1 Negative Feedback to Linearise a Nonlinear Static Characteristic
5.5.2 Negative Feedback to Enhance the Speed of Response of an Element
5.5.3 Negative Feedback to Change a Voltage Source into a Current Source
5.5.4 Negative Feedback to Improve Signal-to-Noise Ratio
5.6 Servomotors
5.6.1 AC Servomotor
5.6.2 DC Servomotors
5.6.3 Stepper Motors
5.7 Conventional Motors
5.7.1 DC Drives
5.7.2 AC Drives
6. Hydraulic and Pneumatic Amplifiers and Final Control Elements
6.1 Single-Stage Fluid Amplifiers
6.1.1 Liquid Amplifiers
6.1.2 Gas Amplifiers
6.2 Multi-Stage Fluid Amplifiers with Feedback
6.2.1 Servovalves
6.2.2 Pneumatic Amplifiers
6.3 Hydraulic Pumps
6.3.1 Gear Pumps
6.3.2 Vane Pumps
6.3.3 Piston Pumps
6.4 Final Control Elements
6.4.1 Linear Actuators
6.4.2 Rotary Actuators
6.4.3 Hydraulic Motors
6.5 Block Diagrams for Hydraulic Drives
6.6 Selection of Equipment
6.6.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of Hydraulic and Pneumatic Systems
6.6.2 Selection of Hydraulic and Pneumatic Systems
6.7 Power Supplies
6.7.1 Hydraulic Power Supplies
6.7.2 Pneumatic Power Supplies
7. Flow Control Valves, Actuators and Positioners; Pneumatic Process Controllers
7.1 Flow Control Valves
7.1.1 Valve Inherent Characteristic
7.1.2 Valve Installed Characteristic
7.1.3 Control Valve Actuators
7.1.4 Valve Positioners for Pneumatic Actuators
7.2 Pneumatic Process Controllers
8. Electronic and Electrical Controllers
8.1 Classification
8.2 On-Off Temperature Controllers
8.2.1 Temperature Sensors
8.2.2 Control Laws
8.2.3 Heat Control
8.3 General Purpose Process Controllers
8.3.1 History
8.3.2 Types of Control Action
8.3.3 Signal Levels
8.3.4 PID Feedback Controller Configuration
8.3.5 Auto/Manual Transfer
8.3.6 Analog Controller Displays
8.3.7 Digital Process Controllers
8.4 Speed Controllers
8.4.1 General Purpose Speed Controllers for DC Motors
8.4.2 General Purpose Speed Controllers for AC Motors
8.4.3 Incremental Controllers for Stepper Motors
8.5 Sequence Controllers
8.5.1 Motor Driven Electromechanical Timers
8.5.2 Relay and Contactor Networks
8.5.3 Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs)
9. Hardware to Generate Sum and Difference Data; Mechanical Components
9.1 The Combination of Data
9.2 Electrical Methods for Combining Analog Signals
9.2.1 Inverting Summer Configuration
9.2.2 Non-Inverting Summer Configuration
9.2.3 Differential Amplifier Configuration
9.2.4 Series Addition and Subtraction
9.2.5 Analog Comparators
9.2.6 Use of Bridge Networks for Subtracting Signals
9.2.7 Use of Tapped Continuous Track Potentiometers for Subtracting Signals
9.2.8 Use of Electromagnetic Fields for Adding and Subtracting Signals
9.2.9 Additional Techniques with AC Signals
9.3 Electronic Networks for Combining Digital Data
9.3.1 Natural Binary Representation
9.3.2 Hardwired Logic for Forming the Two's Complement
9.3.3 Hardwired Logic for Comparing Two Binary Words
9.3.4 Hardwired Logic for Adding Two Natural Binary Words
9.3.5 Hardwired Logic for Multiplying Two 4-Bit Natural Binary Words
9.4 Mechanical Methods for Combining Signals
9.4.1 The Lever and the Walking Beam
9.4.2 The Differential Gear
9.5 Gear Trains
9.6 Brakes, Clamps and Clutches
10. Signal and Data Conversion
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Voltage to Current Converters
10.3 Current to Voltage Converters
10.4 Modulators
10.5 Demodulators
10.6 Analog-Digital Converters (ADCs)
10.6.1 Single Slope ADC
10.6.2 Dual Slope ADC
10.6.3 Feedback ADC
10.6.4 Successive Approximations ADC
10.6.5 Voltage/Frequency ADC
10.6.6 Typical ADC External Circuitry
10.7 Digital-Analog Converters (DACs) and Digital-Analog Multipliers (DAMs)
10.8 Resolver-Digital Converters
10.8.1 Tracking Resolver-Digital Converters
10.8.2 Sampling Resolver-Digital Converters
10.9 Digital-Resolver Converters
10.10 Scott-Tee Transformers
10.11 Synchro-Digital Converters (SDCs)
10.12 Digital-Synchro Converters (DSCs)
10.13 RMS-to-DC Converters
10.14 Shift Registers and Counters
10.15 Code Converters
10.16 Frequency-Voltage Converters
10.17 Voltage-Frequency Converters
10.18 Air-to-Current Converters
10.19 Current-to-Air Converters
11. Networks Sensitive to Signal Amplitude
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Simple Active Networks of Resistors and Signal Diodes
11.3 Active Resistive Ladder Networks
11.4 Networks Using Analog Multipliers and Dividers
11.4.1 Multiplier and Divider Characteristics
11.4.2 External Circuitry Required with Analog Multipliers
11.4.3 Generation of Power Laws
11.4.4 Other Applications of Analog Multipliers
11.5 Networks Using Logarithmic Amplifiers
11.6 Special-Purpose Servo Potentiometers
11.7 Digitally-Synthesised Amplitude Sensitive Networks
12. Networks Sensitive to Signal Frequency
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Passive R-C Networks
12.3 Active R-C Networks
12.4 Filter Networks for DC Power Supplies
12.5 Compensation Networks for AC-Carrier Systems
12.6 Phaselocked Loops
12.7 Digital Compensators
13. Development of Complete Systems and the Construction of Schematic Diagrams
13.1 Development of Complete Systems
13.2 Construction of Schematic Diagrams
13.3 Example of the Development of a Control System and its Schematic Diagram
13.3.1 Requirements for the Example System
13.3.2 Selection of the Feedback Transducer
13.3.3 Reference and Error Data Generation
13.3.4 Selection of the Final Control Element
13.3.5 Selection of the Amplifiers
13.3.6 Development of the Schematic Diagram
13.4 Further Examples of Position Control Systems
13.4.1 Typical DC Position Control System
13.4.2 Typical AC-Carrier Position Control Systems
13.4.3 Typical Numerical Position Control Systems
13.5 Examples of Speed Control Systems
13.5.1 Speed Control of a Typical Small DC Motor Drive
13.5.2 Speed Control of a Typical Small AC Motor Drive
13.5.3 Speed Control of Stepper Motors
13.6 Examples of Electrohydraulic Drives
13.7 Examples of Process Control Systems
13.7.1 Typical Process Loop Using a Feedback Controller
13.7.2 Typical Use of a Cascade Controller
13.7.3 Typical Use of a Feedforward Controller
13.7.4 Typical Process Loop Using a Ratio Controller
14. Experimental Testing of Plant, System Elements, and Systems
14.1 The Need for Characterisation
14.2 Experimental Procedures for Obtaining Static Characteristics
14.3 Experimental Procedures for Measuring Basic Plant Parameters
14.4 Characterisation by Step Response Testing
14.4.1 Experimental Techniques for Obtaining Step Responses
14.4.2 The Order of the Response
14.4.3 Examples of Simple First Order Step Responses
14.4.4 Examples of Simple Second Order Step Responses
14.4.5 Treatment of Third Order Step Responses
14.4.6 Limitations of Step Response Testing
14.5 Characterisation from the Impulse Response
14.5.1 Experimental Techniques for Obtaining Impulse Responses
14.5.2 Examples of Simple First and Second Order Impulse Responses
14.6 Characterisation from the Frequency Response
14.6.1 Experimental Techniques for Obtaining Frequency Responses
14.6.2 Interpretation of Experimental Bode Plots
14.6.3 Open Loop versus Closed Loop Testing, for Characterisation
14.7 Characterisation by Random Signal Testing
14.7.1 The Correlation Function and Power Spectral Density Function
14.7.2 The Application to Characterisation
14.7.3 The Hardware
14.7.4 PRBN Correlation
14.7.5 PRBN and Frequency Response Computation
14.8 The Use of Correlation for Direct Frequency Response Measurement
14.9 Special Techniques for the Testing of AC-Carrier Systems
14.10 Special Techniques for the Testing of Digital Systems
14.11 Special Techniques for the Testing of Pneumatic Systems
15. Control System Performance and Commissioning
15.1 The Need for Specification Formulation
15.2 Steady State Accuracy
15.2.1 Factors Affecting Steady State Accuracy
15.2.2 System Type Number
15.3 Frequency Domain Behaviour
15.4 Time Domain Behaviour
15.5 Noise Performance
15.6 Analytical Design Techniques
15.6.1 Time Domain Analysis
15.6.2 Frequency Domain Analysis
15.6.3 s-Domain Analysis
15.6.4 Transformation of Data Between Time and Frequency Domains
15.6.5 Computer Simulation
15.7 Commissioning Procedures
15.7.1 Commissioning of Custom Designed Controllers
15.7.2 Commissioning of General Purpose Process Controllers
16. Interfacing Control Systems to Digital Computers
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Analog Input Channels
16.2.1 Signal Conditioning
16.2.2 Analog Multiplexers
16.2.3 Analog Input Systems
16.3 Analog Output Channels
16.4 Single Digital Input Channels
16.5 Single Digital Output Channels
16.6 Standard Bus Formats
16.6.1 Parallel Bus Standards
16.6.2 Serial Bus Standards
17. On-Stream Analysers
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Chromatographs
17.2.1 Gas Chromatographs
17.2.2 Liquid Chromatographs
17.2.3 Thermal Conductivity Detector
17.2.4 Flame Ionisation Detector
17.3 Mass Spectrometers
17.4 Ultra-Violet and Visible Light Photometers (Spectrophotometers)
17.5 Non-Dispersive Infra-Red (NDIR) Analysers
17.6 Colorimeters and Turbidimeters
17.6.1 Spectrophotometric Types of Colorimeter
17.6.2 Tristimulus Types of Colorimeter
17.6.3 Turbidimeters
17.7 Oxygen Analysers
17.7.1 Combustion Type Oxygen Analysers
17.7.2 Paramagnetic Oxygen Analysers
17.7.3 Dissolved Oxygen Analysers
17.8 Refractometers
17.9 Radiation Techniques
17.9.1 Radiation and Radioactive Sources
17.9.2 Radiation Detectors
Bibliography
Index
- Edition: 1
- Published: January 1, 1982
- No. of pages (eBook): 480
- Imprint: Arnold
- Language: English
- Paperback ISBN: 9780713135084
- eBook ISBN: 9781483183299
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