Biochemical Approaches to Cancer

Preface1 The Nature of Cancer Basic Concepts and Terminology Concepts Derived from Cancer Research (Oncology) Histology Tumors Precancerous Tissues Electron Microscopy Normal Cells Tumor and Precancerous Cells2 Approaches to the Cancer Problem Role of Different Disciplines Theories of Carcinogenesis Biochemistry and Cancer Research Test Material Use of Transplants Tumors Biochemically Comparable with Tissue of Origin Hepatomas Control Material for Hepatomas — Precancerous Liver Baselines for Expressing Results Delineation of Metabolic Derangements in Cancer Topics Worthy of Study Whole-Animal Experiments Experiments with Cell-Free Preparations3 Nature of Cancinogens and Interactions with Cell Constituents Experimental Induction of Cancer "Mechanical" Influences Hormonal or Dietary Imbalances Viruses Chemicals of Known Structure Specificity in Target and in Structure Molecular Properties in Relation to Carcinogenesis Alkylation Capacity in Relation to Carcinogenesis Metabolic Transformations of Carcinogens Reactivity of Carcinogens Towards Tissue Constituents Studies with Carcinogens in Vivo Studies with Carcinogens in Vitro.4 Tissue Composition and Metabolism as Affected by Neoplasia The Tumor-Bearing Host Toxohormone Abnormalities in Host Organs Blood and Urinary Constituents, and Relevance to Diagnosis Metastases Tumors and Precancerous Tissues: Areas of Study Various Tissue Constituents (Other Than Enzymes) Inorganic Constituents Vitamins Sialic Acid Various Enzymes Catalase Phosphatases Other Hydrolases Drug Metabolism and Some Catabolic Reactions Some Synthetic Reactions Lipid Levels and Phospholipid Metabolism Phospholipid Synthesis Choline Catabolism Cholesterol5 Carbohydrate and Fatty Acid Metabolism Catabolism of Carbohydrate Via Pyruvate: Early Observations Challenges to Warburg's Views Situation as Assessed in 1951 Catabolism of Carbohydrate Via Pyruvate: Newer Observations Observations with Isolated Mitochondria — Integration of Metabolic Observations Hexokinases and Glucose-6-Phosphatase Glycogen Metabolism and Gluconeogenesis Glycogen Catabolism Glycogen Synthesis Pentose-Phosphate Cycle Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Overall Rate of the Cycle. Levels and Metabolism of Nicotinamide-Adenine Dinucleotides Tissue Levels Rates of Biosynthesis and Catabolism Re-Oxidation of the Reduced Nucleotides "Shuttle" Systems for NADH2 Re-Oxidation Fatty Acid Metabolism Catabolism Biosynthesis6 Protein Metabolism Protein and Amino-Acid Levels Free Amino Acids Proteins in Sub-Cellular Fractions Protein Patterns Protein Patterns in Relation to Enzymic Activity Sulphydryl Compounds Catabolism Protein Catabolism Amino-Acid Catabolism Urea Synthesis Amino-Acid Supply Transaminases Glutamine Protein Synthesis Whole-Animal Experiments Experiments with Intact-Cell Preparations Experiments with Cell-Free Preparations7 Nucleic-Acid Metabolism DNA and its Catabolism Alterations in DNA Properties Deoxyribonucleases 5'-Deoxyribonucleotides Tissue levels 5'-Deoxyribonucleotide Metabolism RNA and its Catabolism RNA Levels in Sub-Cellular Fractions Alterations in RNA Properties Ribonucleases Catabolism of 2'- and 3'-Ribonucleotides 5'-Ribonucleotides Tissue Levels 5'-Ribonucleotide Metabolism Nucleic-Acid Synthesis Whole-Animal Experiments Experiments with Intact-Cell Preparations Experiments with Cell-Free Preparations8 Control Mechanisms Metabolic Parameters in Relation to Cancer Development Changes with Transplantation Enzymic Aspects of Molecular Biology in Relation to Cancer Revised Deletion-Hypothesis Intracellular Compartmentation Properties of Enzyme Proteins Enzyme-Forming Systems Various Metabolic "Adaptations" Genetic Aspects of Molecular Biology in Relation to Cancer Might the Neoplastic Transformation Centre on RNA? Might the Neoplastic Transformation Centre on DNA? Must the Neoplastic Transformation be at a Genetic Locus?9 Biochemical Pharmacology Chemotherapeutic Agents Tissue Metabolism in Relation to Drug Action Uptake and Metabolic Transformation of Drugs Choice of Enzymic Targets Agents Affecting Energy Supply Agents Affecting Nucleic-Acid Structure or Synthesis Agents Affecting Protein Structure or Synthesis Drug Resistance Use of Human Tumors as Test MaterialReferencesIndex