Advances in Morphogenesis

Contributors to Volume 2

Morphogenesis in Stentor

I. Introduction

II. Development of New Individuals in Stentor

A. The Normal Form

B. Origin of Two Stentors from One in Division

C. Reorganization of an Individual

D. Regeneration

III. Adjustment of Proportionality and Arrangement of Parts

IV. Relation of Cell Elaborations to the Cortical Pattern

A. Induction of Membranellar Bands

B. Induction of Mouthparts Formation

V. Activation and Inhibition of Primordium Formation in Development

VI. Upper and Lower Limits to Size of Organizational Mass

A. Lower Limits

B. Upper Limits

VII. Reconstitution of Minced Stentor

VIII. Nucleocytoplasmic Interaction

A. Cytoplasmic Differentiation without Nuclear Differentiation

B. Necessity of the Nucleus for Primordium Formation and Development

C. Nuclear Behaviour Governed by the Cytoplasm

D. Chimeras

IX. Conclusions

References

Symmetrization of the Egg of Vertebrates

I. Introduction

II. Determination of Bilateral Symmetry in Amphibians

A. Rana Fusca

B. Other Amphibians

C. Conclusions

III. Determination of Bilateral Symmetry in Birds

A. Structure of the Egg

B. Formation of the Egg

C. Relation between Position of the Embryo and Direction of Coiling of the Chalazae

D. Relation between Egg Position in the Uterus and Embryo Orientation

E. The Critical Phase during Symmetrization of the Uterine Egg

F. Conclusions

IV. Determination of Bilateral Symmetry in Reptiles

V. Determination of Bilateral Symmetry in Fish

A. Chondrostei (Acipenser Sturio, A. Ruthenus, A. Huso)

B. Selachii (Scylliorhinus Canicula)

C. Teleostei

VI. Discussion and Interpretation of Results

VII. Summary

References

Comparative Biochemical Studies on Amphibian and Invertebrate Development

I. Introduction

II. Embryonic Development and Metamorphosis of Amphibians

A. Proteolytic Enzymes

B. Ribonucleic Acid and Phosphates

C. Amylases

D. Lipases

E. Energy Sources

III. Biochemical Considerations on the Development of some Invertebrates

A. Arternia Salina Leach

B. Bombyx Mori L

C. Musca Domestica L

IV. Results and Conclusions

References

The Acrasina

I. Introduction

A. Deviations from the Mean

B. The Pseudoplasmodium

II. The Non-Social Phase

A. The Cells

B. Organization

III. The Onset of the Social Phase

A. Food Shortage

B. The Initiators

C. The Founders

D. Sexuality

IV. The Aggregation

A. The Cells

B. Organization

C. Acrasin

D. The Nature of Intercellular Bonding

V. The Grex

A. The Cells

B. The Whole

References

Histochemical Aspects of Limb Morphogenesis in Vertebrates

I. Introduction

II. Experimental Data

III. Histochemical and Morphological Data

A. Methods

B. Observations

IV. Conclusions

References

The Proteins in Embryonic and Larval Development

I. Introduction

II. Studies on Differentiation

A. Sea Urchins

B. Amphibians

C. Attempt at Comparison

III. Studies on Determination

A. Alterations in Early Determination

B. Differences in Proteins from Embryos Showing Different Malformations

C. Animalizing Agents Denaturing Proteins

D. Protein Denaturation and Developmental Processes

E. Action of Vegetalizing Agents

F. Differences in Resistance to Breakdown of Proteins from Embryos Showing Different Malformations

G. Predisposition to and Inhibition of Protoplasmic Structural Breakdown

H. Embryonic Proteins and the Nature of the Denaturation induced by Animalizing Agents

I. Evidence from the Research of Other Authors

J . Conclusion

References

Ooplasmic Reaction Systems in Insect Embryogenesis

I. Introduction

II. Natural and Experimental Conditions Influencing Development

A. External Factors

B. Internal Factors

III. Preformed Prerequisites in the Ooplasm

A. Egg Dimorphism

B. Control Substances

C. Control Centers

D. Types of Egg Architecture

IV. Superficial Cleavage

A. Synchronous Mitoses and Collective Migration of Energids

B. Vitellophags

C. Cleavage in the Future Thorax Region

V. Activation

A. A Type of Reaction Sequence

B. Autonomous Ooplasmic Processes

C. Nucleocytoplasmic Interactions

VI. Morphogenetic Movements

A. Germ Anlage Formation

B. Anatrepsis

VII. Metameric Organization

A. Organ Pattern in the Periplasm

B. Antagonistic Polar Prerequisites

C. Initial Concentration of Potentialities

Acknowledgements

References

Factors in Morphogenesis of Regenerating Fresh-Water Planaria

I. Introduction

II. The Neoblasts of Fresh-Water Planaria

A. Cytological Study of the Neoblasts

B. Neoblasts of the Regeneration Blastema

C. Planarian Neoblasts with Limited Regeneration Capacity

III. Differentiation Factors

A. Determination of the Blastema

B. Organ Differentiation in Regeneration

IV. Conclusion

References

Experimental Morphology of the Aortic Arches and the Heart Loop in Chick Embryos

I. Methods Relating to the Problem of Local Intervention

II. Experimental Morphology of the Aortic Arches

A. Suppression of One Aortic Arch

B. Simultaneous Suppression of Two or Three Aortic Arches

C. Simultaneous Suppression of Four or Five Aortic Arches

D. Some Vascular Anomalies Resulting from Experiments on Aortic Arches

E. Position of the Recurrent Nerve in Various Aortic Arch Patterns

III. Experimental Morphology of the Heart Loop

A. Conditions Governing the Form and Location of Ventricular Septal Defects

B. Experimental Heart Ectopia

C. Haemodynamic Effects of Suppressing Development of the Atrium and their Morphogenetic Significance

D. Transposition of the Aorta into the Right Ventricle

E. Influence of the Blood Stream on the Proximal Bulbar Cushions

IV. Simultaneous Experiments on the Heart Loop and Aortic Arches

A. Relation of the Incumbent and Transposed Aorta

B. Dependence of the Critical Period on Experimental Procedure

V. Theory of the Teratogenetic Meaning of Local Damage to the Heart Loop and Aortic Arches

References

Author Index

Subject Index