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Advances in Semiconducting Nanostructures for Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting
- 1st Edition - December 1, 2099
- Authors: Neeraj Khare, Mohd Faraz, Surbhi Sharma
- Language: English
- Paperback ISBN:9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 9 9 6 9 2 - 1
- eBook ISBN:9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 9 9 6 9 3 - 8
Photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting has emerged as a promising technology to generate hydrogen using solar energy - a source of renewable energy. Advances in Semiconducti… Read more
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Request a sales quotePhotoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting has emerged as a promising technology to generate hydrogen using solar energy - a source of renewable energy.
Advances in Semiconducting Nanostructures for Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting presents the overall progress in this area using nanotechnology. It begins by providing an overview of the basic concepts of photoelectrochemical water splitting, including operation and efficiency. It details various strategies to design nanostructured materials of different morphologies to improve the performance of photoelectrochemical water splitting technologies. Performance indicators emphasized include stability and reliability of photoelectrochemical water splitting technologies. Nanostructured material morphologies reviewed include nanocomposites, nano heterojunctions, nanoparticles integrated with metals or other semiconducting materials.
Advances in Semiconducting Nanostructures for Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting is suitable for researchers working in academia and industry in the disciplines of materials science and engineering, renewable energy, and chemical engineering.
- Includes detailed description of the state-of-art progress of strategies to improve the efficiency and stability of photoelectrochemical water splitting (PEC) using nanotechnology
- Reviews different morphologies of nanostructured materials such as nanocomposites, nanoparticles, nano-heterojunctions and more
- Explores hybrid system designs for PEC water splitting technologies
Materials Scientists and Engineers
1: Introduction
1.1 Introduction and Background
1.2 Hydrogen Generation Techniques
1.2.1 Steam Reformation
1.2.2 Gasification
1.2.3 Pyrolysis
1.2.4 Thermolysis
1.2.5 Electrolysis of Water
1.3 Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting
1.3.1 Working Principle
1.3.2 Semiconductor/Electrolyte Interface
1.3.3 Thermodynamic Aspects of Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting
1.3.4 Advantages of PEC Water Splitting over other techniques for Hydrogen generation
1.4 Basic Requirements of a Photocatalyst Material for Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting
1.5 Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting over Single Semiconductor Materials
1.5.1 Metal Oxides
1.5.2 Metal Chalcogenides
1.5.3 Perovskites
1.5.4 Ternary Metal Oxides
1.5.5 Ferrites
1.6 Effect of Hydrogen on Environment and Safety Hazards
1.7 Main Challenges (Enhance stability and efficiency)
References
2: Experimental Set up Design for Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Fabrication of Photoelectrodes
2.2.1 Electrode Fabrication Considerations
2.2.2 Selection of Substrates
2.3 Photoelectrochemical Experimental Set up Design
2.3.1 Basic Photoelectrochemical cell Assembly
2.3.1.1 Two Electrode Assembly
2.3.1.2 Three Electrode Assembly
2.4 Photoelectrochemical Measurements
2.4.1 Current-Voltage (J-V) Measurement
2.4.2 Current Transient Measurement
2.4.2 Cyclic Voltammetry Measurement
2.4.3 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) Measurement
2.4.4 Intensity modulated Photocurrent Spectroscopy (IMPS) Measurement
2.4.5 Mott-Schottky (MS) Measurement
2.5 Measurement of Efficiency of Photoelectrochemical water splitting
2.5.1 Incident Photon to Current Conversion Efficiency (IPCE)
2.5.2 Solar to hydrogen (STH) Efficiency
2.5.3 Applied Bias Solar to Hydrogen (AB-STH) efficiency
2.5.4 Half Cell Solar to Hydrogen (HC-STH) efficiency
2.5.5 Applied Bias Photon to Current Efficiency (ABPE)
2.5.6 Photo Conversion Efficiency (PCE)
2.5.7 Quantum Efficiency (QE)
2.5.8 Factors Affecting Photoelectrochemical Efficiency
2.5.8.1 Photoelectrode Material
2.5.8.2 Dimension, Alignment and Distance between Electrodes
2.5.8.3 Effect of Temperature and Pressure
2.5.8.4 Type of Electrolyte
2.5.8.5 Stability of Photoelectrode
References
3: Strategies for Improvement in the Efficiency of PEC Water Splitting
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Control of Morphology
3.2.1 0D Nanostructures
3.2.2 1D Nanostructures
3.2.2.1 Randomly Oriented 1D Nanostructures
3.2.2.2 Aligned 1D Nanostructures
3.2.2.3 Porous Nanostructures
3.2.3 2D Nanostructures
3.2.4 Properties of 3D Hierarchical Materials
3.3 Facet Engineering and Crystallinity
3.4 Defect Engineering
3.5 Heterojunctions
3.5.1 Classification of Heterojunctions
3.5.1.1 Type-I Heterojunction
3.5.1.2 Type-II Heterojunction
3.5.1.3 Type-III Heterojunction
3.5.2 Metal-Semiconductor Junction
3.5.2.1 Schottky
3.5.2.2 Ohmic
3.6 Surface and Interface Engineering
3.7 Doping
3.7.1 Metal Doping
3.7.2 Non-metal Doping
3.7.3 Non Metal Co-Doping
3.8 Co-catalyst Loading
3.9 Band Gap Tuning of Semiconductors¬
3.10 Sacrificial Reagents Systems
3.11 Surface Passivation
References
4: Semiconductor-Semiconductor based Nano-Heterojunctions and Nanocomposites for Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Visible-light responsive Heterojunction/Nanocomposite
4.2.1 BiVO4-based Nanostructures
4.2.2 Fe2O3-based Nanostructures
4.2.3 Ag3PO4-based Nanostructures
4.2.4 CdS-based Nanostructures
4.2.5 Other visible-light responsive heterojunctions and nanocomposite
4.3 UV-Vis responsive Heterojunction/Nanocomposite
4.3.1 TiO2 based Nanostructures
4.3.2 ZnO based Nanostructures
4.3.3 Other UV-Vis responsive heterojunction/nanocomposite
4.4 Visible-IR responsive heterojunction/nanocomposite
References
5: Carbon/Polymer-Semiconductor Nano-Heterojunctions and Nanocomposite for Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Carbon Nanostructures-Based Nano-heterojunctions/nanocomposites
5.2.1 Graphene Based Nano-heterojunctions and nanocomposites
5.2.1.1 Graphene-Metal Oxide Semiconductors
5.2.1.2 Graphene-Metal Chalcogenides Based Semiconductors
5.2.1.3 Graphene-Perovskite Systems
5.2.1.4 Graphydiyne Based Systems
5.2.2 g-C3N4-Based heterojuctions
5.2.2.1 g-C3N4-Metal Oxide Semiconductors
5.2.2.2 g-C3N4-Metal Chalcogenides Based Semiconductors
5.2.2.3 g-C3N4-Perovskite Systems
5.2.3 CNT-Based Nano-heterostructure/nanocomposites
5.2.3.1 CNT-Metal Oxide Semiconductors
5.2.3.2 CNT-Metal Chalcogenides Based Semiconductors
5.2.3.3 CNT-Perovskite Systems
5.2.4 Fullerene-Based Nanostructures/nanocomposites
5.2.4.1 Fullerene-Metal Oxide Semiconductors
5.2.4.2 Fullerene-Metal Chalcogenide Semiconductors
5.2.4.3 Fullerene-Perovskite Systems
5.3 Polymer-Based Nano-heterojunctions/nanocomposites
5.3.1 Polyaniline-Based Nano-heterojunctions
5.3.1.1 Polyaniline-Metal Oxide Semiconductors
5.3.1.2 Polyaniline-Metal Chalcogenides Based Semiconductors
5.3.1.3 Polyaniline-Perovskite Systems
5.3.2 P3HT-Based Nano-heterojunctions
5.3.2.2 P3HT-Metal Chalcogenides Based Semiconductors
5.3.2.3 P3HT-Perovskite Systems
5.3.3 Other Polymer Based Nano-heterojunctions and nanocomposites
References
6: Plasmon Enhanced Metal-Semiconductor Systems for Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Various Mechanisms for Plasmon Enhanced Photoelectrochemical Processes
6.2.1 Light Scattering/Trapping Mechanism
6.2.2 Plasmon-Induced Resonance Energy Transfer (PIRET) Mechanism
6.2.3 Direct Electron Transfer (DET) Mechanism
6.3 Schottky and Ohmic Contacts
6.4 Factors Affecting the Plasmon Enhanced Photoelectrochemical Processes
6.4.1 Effect of Morphology of Plasmonic Metals
6.4.1.1 Shape Effect
6.4.1.2 Size Effect
6.4.2 Effect of Geometric Position of Plasmonic Metals
6.5 Designing and performance of Plasmonic Metal-Semiconductor Nano-Heterojunctions based PEC
6.5.1 Based on Light Scattering/Trapping Mechanism
6.5.2 Based on Hot Electron Injection Mechanism
6.5.3 Based on PIRET Mechanism
6.5.4 Based on Hybrid Enhancement Mechanism
6.6 Prospects of Plasmonic enhanced Metal-Semiconductors for PEC
References
7: Ferroelectric/Piezoelectric/Pyroelectric Semiconductor Materials for Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting
7.1 Introduction
7.1.1 Fundamentals of Ferroelectric Effect
7.1.1.1 Ferroelectric Polarization
7.1.1.1.1 Positive Polarization
7.1.1.1.2 Negative Polarization
7.1.2 Fundamentals of Piezoelectric effect
7.1.2.1 Piezotronics
7.1.2.2 Piezophototronics
7.1.3 Fundamentals of Pyroelectric Effect
7.3 Mechanisms of Piezophototronic Effect Driven Photoelectrochemical Processes
7.4 General Strategies for Creating Piezopotential
7.4.1 Impact of Piezopotential on Metal-Semiconductor junctions
7.4.2 Impact of Piezopotential on Z-Scheme junctions
7.5 Tuning of Ferroelectric/Piezoelectric Properties of Semiconductor Materials
7.5.1 Implementation of Metal Oxides Nanomaterials
7.5.1.1 ZnO based Photoanodes
7.5.2 Implementation of Metal Niobates-Perovskite Materials
7.5.2.1 NaNbO3 based Photoanodes
7.5.2.2 KNbO3 based Photoanodes
7.5.2.3 AgNbO3 based Photoanodes
7.5.3 Implementation of Other Perovskite Materials
7.5.3.1 SrTiO3 Based Photoanodes
7.5.3.2 PbTiO3 Based Photoanodes
7.5.3.3 BaTiO3 Based Photoanodes
7.5.3.4 BiFeO3 Based Photoanodes
7.5.4 Other Materials (ZnSnO3, BiOCl, S4Bi4Ti4O15)
7.6 Tuning of Pyroelectric Properties of Semiconductor Materials
References
8: Hybrid Systems
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Various Hybrid Systems
8.2.1 Photoelectrochemical-Photovoltaics (PEC-PV) Tandem Device
8.2.2 Photoelectrochemical-Nanogenerator Device
8.2.3 Coupled Photoanode-Photocathode System
8.2.4 Photoelectrochemical-Pyroelectric Device
8.2.5 Other hybrid systems
8.3 Prospects of hybrid systems
References
9: Challenges and Future Prospects
9.1 Conclusions
9.2 Future Scope of Photoelectrochemical Hydrogen Production
1.1 Introduction and Background
1.2 Hydrogen Generation Techniques
1.2.1 Steam Reformation
1.2.2 Gasification
1.2.3 Pyrolysis
1.2.4 Thermolysis
1.2.5 Electrolysis of Water
1.3 Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting
1.3.1 Working Principle
1.3.2 Semiconductor/Electrolyte Interface
1.3.3 Thermodynamic Aspects of Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting
1.3.4 Advantages of PEC Water Splitting over other techniques for Hydrogen generation
1.4 Basic Requirements of a Photocatalyst Material for Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting
1.5 Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting over Single Semiconductor Materials
1.5.1 Metal Oxides
1.5.2 Metal Chalcogenides
1.5.3 Perovskites
1.5.4 Ternary Metal Oxides
1.5.5 Ferrites
1.6 Effect of Hydrogen on Environment and Safety Hazards
1.7 Main Challenges (Enhance stability and efficiency)
References
2: Experimental Set up Design for Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Fabrication of Photoelectrodes
2.2.1 Electrode Fabrication Considerations
2.2.2 Selection of Substrates
2.3 Photoelectrochemical Experimental Set up Design
2.3.1 Basic Photoelectrochemical cell Assembly
2.3.1.1 Two Electrode Assembly
2.3.1.2 Three Electrode Assembly
2.4 Photoelectrochemical Measurements
2.4.1 Current-Voltage (J-V) Measurement
2.4.2 Current Transient Measurement
2.4.2 Cyclic Voltammetry Measurement
2.4.3 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) Measurement
2.4.4 Intensity modulated Photocurrent Spectroscopy (IMPS) Measurement
2.4.5 Mott-Schottky (MS) Measurement
2.5 Measurement of Efficiency of Photoelectrochemical water splitting
2.5.1 Incident Photon to Current Conversion Efficiency (IPCE)
2.5.2 Solar to hydrogen (STH) Efficiency
2.5.3 Applied Bias Solar to Hydrogen (AB-STH) efficiency
2.5.4 Half Cell Solar to Hydrogen (HC-STH) efficiency
2.5.5 Applied Bias Photon to Current Efficiency (ABPE)
2.5.6 Photo Conversion Efficiency (PCE)
2.5.7 Quantum Efficiency (QE)
2.5.8 Factors Affecting Photoelectrochemical Efficiency
2.5.8.1 Photoelectrode Material
2.5.8.2 Dimension, Alignment and Distance between Electrodes
2.5.8.3 Effect of Temperature and Pressure
2.5.8.4 Type of Electrolyte
2.5.8.5 Stability of Photoelectrode
References
3: Strategies for Improvement in the Efficiency of PEC Water Splitting
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Control of Morphology
3.2.1 0D Nanostructures
3.2.2 1D Nanostructures
3.2.2.1 Randomly Oriented 1D Nanostructures
3.2.2.2 Aligned 1D Nanostructures
3.2.2.3 Porous Nanostructures
3.2.3 2D Nanostructures
3.2.4 Properties of 3D Hierarchical Materials
3.3 Facet Engineering and Crystallinity
3.4 Defect Engineering
3.5 Heterojunctions
3.5.1 Classification of Heterojunctions
3.5.1.1 Type-I Heterojunction
3.5.1.2 Type-II Heterojunction
3.5.1.3 Type-III Heterojunction
3.5.2 Metal-Semiconductor Junction
3.5.2.1 Schottky
3.5.2.2 Ohmic
3.6 Surface and Interface Engineering
3.7 Doping
3.7.1 Metal Doping
3.7.2 Non-metal Doping
3.7.3 Non Metal Co-Doping
3.8 Co-catalyst Loading
3.9 Band Gap Tuning of Semiconductors¬
3.10 Sacrificial Reagents Systems
3.11 Surface Passivation
References
4: Semiconductor-Semiconductor based Nano-Heterojunctions and Nanocomposites for Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Visible-light responsive Heterojunction/Nanocomposite
4.2.1 BiVO4-based Nanostructures
4.2.2 Fe2O3-based Nanostructures
4.2.3 Ag3PO4-based Nanostructures
4.2.4 CdS-based Nanostructures
4.2.5 Other visible-light responsive heterojunctions and nanocomposite
4.3 UV-Vis responsive Heterojunction/Nanocomposite
4.3.1 TiO2 based Nanostructures
4.3.2 ZnO based Nanostructures
4.3.3 Other UV-Vis responsive heterojunction/nanocomposite
4.4 Visible-IR responsive heterojunction/nanocomposite
References
5: Carbon/Polymer-Semiconductor Nano-Heterojunctions and Nanocomposite for Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Carbon Nanostructures-Based Nano-heterojunctions/nanocomposites
5.2.1 Graphene Based Nano-heterojunctions and nanocomposites
5.2.1.1 Graphene-Metal Oxide Semiconductors
5.2.1.2 Graphene-Metal Chalcogenides Based Semiconductors
5.2.1.3 Graphene-Perovskite Systems
5.2.1.4 Graphydiyne Based Systems
5.2.2 g-C3N4-Based heterojuctions
5.2.2.1 g-C3N4-Metal Oxide Semiconductors
5.2.2.2 g-C3N4-Metal Chalcogenides Based Semiconductors
5.2.2.3 g-C3N4-Perovskite Systems
5.2.3 CNT-Based Nano-heterostructure/nanocomposites
5.2.3.1 CNT-Metal Oxide Semiconductors
5.2.3.2 CNT-Metal Chalcogenides Based Semiconductors
5.2.3.3 CNT-Perovskite Systems
5.2.4 Fullerene-Based Nanostructures/nanocomposites
5.2.4.1 Fullerene-Metal Oxide Semiconductors
5.2.4.2 Fullerene-Metal Chalcogenide Semiconductors
5.2.4.3 Fullerene-Perovskite Systems
5.3 Polymer-Based Nano-heterojunctions/nanocomposites
5.3.1 Polyaniline-Based Nano-heterojunctions
5.3.1.1 Polyaniline-Metal Oxide Semiconductors
5.3.1.2 Polyaniline-Metal Chalcogenides Based Semiconductors
5.3.1.3 Polyaniline-Perovskite Systems
5.3.2 P3HT-Based Nano-heterojunctions
5.3.2.2 P3HT-Metal Chalcogenides Based Semiconductors
5.3.2.3 P3HT-Perovskite Systems
5.3.3 Other Polymer Based Nano-heterojunctions and nanocomposites
References
6: Plasmon Enhanced Metal-Semiconductor Systems for Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Various Mechanisms for Plasmon Enhanced Photoelectrochemical Processes
6.2.1 Light Scattering/Trapping Mechanism
6.2.2 Plasmon-Induced Resonance Energy Transfer (PIRET) Mechanism
6.2.3 Direct Electron Transfer (DET) Mechanism
6.3 Schottky and Ohmic Contacts
6.4 Factors Affecting the Plasmon Enhanced Photoelectrochemical Processes
6.4.1 Effect of Morphology of Plasmonic Metals
6.4.1.1 Shape Effect
6.4.1.2 Size Effect
6.4.2 Effect of Geometric Position of Plasmonic Metals
6.5 Designing and performance of Plasmonic Metal-Semiconductor Nano-Heterojunctions based PEC
6.5.1 Based on Light Scattering/Trapping Mechanism
6.5.2 Based on Hot Electron Injection Mechanism
6.5.3 Based on PIRET Mechanism
6.5.4 Based on Hybrid Enhancement Mechanism
6.6 Prospects of Plasmonic enhanced Metal-Semiconductors for PEC
References
7: Ferroelectric/Piezoelectric/Pyroelectric Semiconductor Materials for Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting
7.1 Introduction
7.1.1 Fundamentals of Ferroelectric Effect
7.1.1.1 Ferroelectric Polarization
7.1.1.1.1 Positive Polarization
7.1.1.1.2 Negative Polarization
7.1.2 Fundamentals of Piezoelectric effect
7.1.2.1 Piezotronics
7.1.2.2 Piezophototronics
7.1.3 Fundamentals of Pyroelectric Effect
7.3 Mechanisms of Piezophototronic Effect Driven Photoelectrochemical Processes
7.4 General Strategies for Creating Piezopotential
7.4.1 Impact of Piezopotential on Metal-Semiconductor junctions
7.4.2 Impact of Piezopotential on Z-Scheme junctions
7.5 Tuning of Ferroelectric/Piezoelectric Properties of Semiconductor Materials
7.5.1 Implementation of Metal Oxides Nanomaterials
7.5.1.1 ZnO based Photoanodes
7.5.2 Implementation of Metal Niobates-Perovskite Materials
7.5.2.1 NaNbO3 based Photoanodes
7.5.2.2 KNbO3 based Photoanodes
7.5.2.3 AgNbO3 based Photoanodes
7.5.3 Implementation of Other Perovskite Materials
7.5.3.1 SrTiO3 Based Photoanodes
7.5.3.2 PbTiO3 Based Photoanodes
7.5.3.3 BaTiO3 Based Photoanodes
7.5.3.4 BiFeO3 Based Photoanodes
7.5.4 Other Materials (ZnSnO3, BiOCl, S4Bi4Ti4O15)
7.6 Tuning of Pyroelectric Properties of Semiconductor Materials
References
8: Hybrid Systems
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Various Hybrid Systems
8.2.1 Photoelectrochemical-Photovoltaics (PEC-PV) Tandem Device
8.2.2 Photoelectrochemical-Nanogenerator Device
8.2.3 Coupled Photoanode-Photocathode System
8.2.4 Photoelectrochemical-Pyroelectric Device
8.2.5 Other hybrid systems
8.3 Prospects of hybrid systems
References
9: Challenges and Future Prospects
9.1 Conclusions
9.2 Future Scope of Photoelectrochemical Hydrogen Production
- No. of pages: 350
- Language: English
- Edition: 1
- Published: December 1, 2099
- Imprint: Woodhead Publishing
- Paperback ISBN: 9780323996921
- eBook ISBN: 9780323996938
NK
Neeraj Khare
Dr. Neeraj Khare is a Professor in Physics Department at Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India since 2005 and heading Nanotechnology Centre at Indian Institute of Technology Delhi since 2016. He received his Ph.D. (Physics) from Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India in 1986 and was Senior Scientist at National Physics Laboratory, New Delhi. His research interests are in the area of fabrication and study of semiconducting, magnetic, ferroelectric, superconducting nanostructure/nanocomposites and exploring its potential for novel applications. He has published more than 200 papers in international journals, seven patents and has edited three books. He is recipient of MRSI-ICSC Award, Platinum Jubilee lecture award of Material Science Section of Indian Science Congress Association, Material Research Society of India (MRSI) Medal award, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Young Scientist award and Indian Science Congress Association Young Scientist award.
Affiliations and expertise
Professor, Nanoscale Research Facility, Physics Department, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, IndiaMF
Mohd Faraz
Dr. Mohd Faraz is currently Institute Postdoctoral Fellow in Nanoscale Research Facility, IIT Delhi. He received his Ph.D. (Chemistry) from Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, in 2016. After his Ph.D, he joined IIT Delhi in the Physics department as Research Associate (2016) and National Postdoctoral Fellow (2017). He has published more than 20 research papers in refereed journals and two national patents. His research interests include synthesizing 2D materials, metal oxides, and polymer nanocomposites for photocatalytic degradation and piezoelectric sensors for energy harvesting. Presently, he is planning to develop flexible nanocomposites films for piezoelectric sensor applications. He is the recipient of the National Postdoctoral Fellow (SERB) DST India award (2017).
Affiliations and expertise
Institute Postdoctoral Fellow in Nanoscale Research Facility, Physics Department, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, IndiaSS
Surbhi Sharma
Dr. Surbhi Sharma is working as a postdoctoral fellow at the Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India. She received her Ph.D. degree in Physics from the Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India in 2019. She obtained the Master of Technology (M.Tech.) degree in Solid State Materials from the Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India in 2014 and Master of Science (M.Sc.) in Physics from the University of Delhi, India in 2011. She has qualified Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering (GATE) in 2012. Her current research interests are focused on nanostructured materials, plasmonics, photocatalysts and design of photoelectrochemical cells for sustainable solar energy harvesting and thermoelectrics. She has published 11 research articles in international journals.
Affiliations and expertise
Nanoscale Research Facility, Physics Department, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, India